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Marumure J, Simbanegavi TT, Makuvara Z, Karidzagundi R, Alufasi R, Goredema M, Gufe C, Chaukura N, Halabowski D, Gwenzi W. Emerging organic contaminants in drinking water systems: Human intake, emerging health risks, and future research directions. Chemosphere 2024; 356:141699. [PMID: 38554874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Few earlier reviews on emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in drinking water systems (DWS) focused on their detection, behaviour, removal and fate. Reviews on multiple exposure pathways, human intake estimates, and health risks including toxicokinetics, and toxicodynamics of EOCs in DWS are scarce. This review presents recent advances in human intake and health risks of EOCs in DWS. First, an overview of the evidence showing that DWS harbours a wide range of EOCs is presented. Multiple human exposure to EOCs occurs via ingestion of drinking water and beverages, inhalation and dermal pathways are discussed. A potential novel exposure may occur via the intravenous route in dialysis fluids. Analysis of global data on pharmaceutical pollution in rivers showed that the cumulative concentrations (μg L-1) of pharmaceuticals (mean ± standard error of the mean) were statistically more than two times significantly higher (p = 0.011) in South America (11.68 ± 5.29), Asia (9.97 ± 3.33), Africa (9.48 ± 2.81) and East Europe (8.09 ± 4.35) than in high-income regions (2.58 ± 0.48). Maximum cumulative concentrations of pharmaceuticals (μg L-1) decreased in the order; Asia (70.7) had the highest value followed by South America (68.8), Africa (51.3), East Europe (32.0) and high-income regions (17.1) had the least concentration. The corresponding human intake via ingestion of untreated river water was also significantly higher in low- and middle-income regions than in their high-income counterparts. For each region, the daily intake of pharmaceuticals was highest in infants, followed by children and then adults. A critique of the human health hazards, including toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of EOCs is presented. Emerging health hazards of EOCs in DWS include; (1) long-term latent and intergenerational effects, (2) the interactive health effects of EOC mixtures, (3) the challenges of multifinality and equifinality, and (4) the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis. Finally, research needs on human health hazards of EOCs in DWS are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Rangarirayi Karidzagundi
- Materials Development Unit, Zimbabwe Open University, P.O. Box MP1119 Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Richwell Alufasi
- Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, 741 Chimurenga Road, Off Trojan Road, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Marvelous Goredema
- Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, 741 Chimurenga Road, Off Trojan Road, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Claudious Gufe
- Department of Veterinary Technical Services, Central Veterinary Laboratories, Box CY55, 18A Borrowdale Road, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, 8301, South Africa
| | - Dariusz Halabowski
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Currently: Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380, New Adylin, Westgate, Harare, Zimbabwe; Formerly: Alexander von Humboldt Fellow & Guest/Visiting Professor, Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universität Kassel, Steinstraße 19, D-37213, Witzenhausen, Germany; Formerly: Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and Guest Professor, Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
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Du Z, Tian Z, Yin Y, Wei J, Mu Y, Cai J, Song Z, Cen K. Bioavailability-based risk assessment of various heavy metals via multi-exposure routes for children and teenagers in Beijing, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:114985-115002. [PMID: 37878177 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the health risks of sensitive population, such as children and teenagers, through multiple exposure routes (MERs) such as ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact is critical for policy creation that protects or reduces exposure to pollutants for all populations. Heavy metal (HM) contents in food and environmental media in Beijing, capital of China, were collected. Furthermore, on the basis of considering the bioavailability of HMs, we evaluated the multiple environmental routes and health risks to HMs in children and teenagers of eight age groups (2-<3, 3-<4, 4-<5, 5-<6, 6-<9, 9-<12, 12-<15, and 15-<18) in Beijing, China by Monte Carlo simulation approach. The main findings are as follows: lead exposure in children aged 2-<3 years exceeds the exposure dose (0.3 μg·kg-1·d-1) of 0.5 point reduction in intelligence quotient. Moreover, children aged 2-<3 and 6-<9 years have relatively high non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) of 1.32 and 1.30, respectively. The carcinogenic risk (CR) for children aged 6-<9 and 9-<12 years is 2.73×10-6 and 2.39×10-6, respectively. Specifically, the contributions of oral ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation to the NCR were 69.5%, 18.9%, and 11.6%, respectively. Moreover, the combined NCR contributions of copper, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic (As) were about 69.4%. The contributions of the above three routes to the CR were 93.4%, 4.1%, and 2.5%, in that order, with the largest CR contribution of As being about 92.0%. This study can provide new ideas for accurately assessing the exposure and health risks of HMs in the population, and we believe that it is necessary to update the national standards for food and soil based on the bioavailability of HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwen Du
- Baoding University of Technology, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Zuguang Tian
- Baoding Productivity Promotion Center, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yelan Yin
- No. 4 Drilling Engineering Branch Company, CNPC Bohai Drilling Engineering Company Limited, Hejian, 062400, Hebei, China
| | - Junxiao Wei
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Yue Mu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jianjun Cai
- School of Architecture and Traffic, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Zefeng Song
- Institute of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Kuang Cen
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
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Flynn RW, Iacchetta M, de Perre C, Lee L, Sepúlveda MS, Hoverman JT. Chronic Per-/Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Exposure Under Environmentally Relevant Conditions Delays Development in Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) Larvae. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021; 40:711-716. [PMID: 32072676 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are pervasive in aquatic systems globally and capable of causing detrimental effects on human and wildlife health. However, most studies are conducted under artificial conditions that are not representative of environmental exposures. Environmental exposures are characterized by multiple routes of exposure, low aquatic PFAS levels, and greater environmental variability than laboratory tests. Determining whether these factors influence toxicity is critical for understanding the effects of PFAS on aquatic life, including amphibians. Our goal was to assess the impact of PFAS on an amphibian under semirealistic conditions. We reared northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) larvae in outdoor mesocosms containing sediment spiked to low, medium, and high levels (nominally 10, 100, or 1000 ppb dry wt) of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) or perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) for 30 d. Larvae in all PFOS treatments and the medium-PFOA treatment were approximately 1.5 Gosner stages less developed than control animals after 30 d. Notably, these developmental delays were observed at PFOS concentrations in the water as low as 0.06 ppb, which is considerably lower than levels associated with developmental effects in laboratory studies. Our results suggest that deriving toxicity values from laboratory studies examining aquatic exposure only may underestimate the effects of environmental PFAS exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:711-716. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wesley Flynn
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael Iacchetta
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chloe de Perre
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Linda Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Pristed MJS, Bundschuh M, Rasmussen JJ. Multiple exposure routes of a pesticide exacerbate effects on a grazing mayfly. Aquat Toxicol 2016; 178:190-196. [PMID: 27517499 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic pesticides such as pyrethroid insecticides tend to occur in their soluble form mainly as transient pulses in streams. In addition, they are regularly detected in significant quantities adsorbed to stream sediments and other organic in-stream structures. Consequently, stream biota is likely subjected to pesticide exposure via multiple routes. In this study we aimed at investigating the influence of exposure routes for the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin on the grazing mayfly Heptagenia sulphurea. Therefore, H. sulphurea was exposed to lambda-cyhalothrin via single- (water or biofilm) or biphasic exposure (water and biofilm) at environmentally realistic concentrations (0, 0.1, 1μgL(-1)) and exposure duration (2h) in a full factorial design (n=5). Mortality, moulting frequency, and biofilm accrual (proxy for feeding rate) were recorded subsequent to a 7 d post exposure period. Mortality significantly increased and moulting frequency significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of lambda-cyhalothrin in the water phase whereas exposure via biofilm prompted no significant effects on these endpoints (α=0.05). Effect predictions systematically underestimated and overestimated effects for mortality and moulting frequency, respectively. Similarly, mayfly feeding rate was significantly reduced by water phase exposure whereas pre-exposed biofilm did not significantly affect this variable. However, we found a significant but non-systematic interaction between water phase and biofilm exposure on mayfly feeding rate. Our results show that exposure to the same pesticide via multiple exposure routes may increase the magnitude of effects beyond the level predicted from single phase exposures which has clear implications for the aquatic risk assessment of hydrophobic pesticides. However, our results additionally reveal that interactions between pesticide exposure routes may vary between selected dependent variables. We emphasize that unravelling the underlying mechanisms causing these discrepancies in interactive effects between exposure routes is a major aspect that should receive further attention in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Jes Jessen Rasmussen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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