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Abstract
Endocrine pathology comprises a spectrum of disorders originating in various sites throughout the body. Some disorders affect endocrine glands, and others arise from endocrine cells that are dispersed in non-endocrine tissues. Endocrine cells can broadly be classified as neuroendocrine, steroidogenic, or thyroid follicular cells; these three families have distinct embryologic origins, morphologic structure, and biochemical hormone synthetic pathways. Lesions affecting the endocrine system include developmental abnormalities, inflammatory processes that can be infectious or autoimmune, hypofunction with atrophy or hyperfunction caused by hyperplasia secondary to pathology in other sites, and neoplasia of many types. Understanding endocrine pathology requires knowledge of both structure and function, including the biochemical signaling pathways that regulate hormone synthesis and secretion. Molecular genetics has clarified sporadic and hereditary disease that is common in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia L. Asa
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Room 204, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Lori A. Erickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901 USA
| | - Guido Rindi
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health Sciences and Public Health, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli – IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Rome, Italy
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2
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Eenjes E, Benthem F, Boerema-de Munck A, Buscop-van Kempen M, Tibboel D, Rottier RJ. Distinct roles for SOX2 and SOX21 in differentiation, distribution and maturation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:79. [PMID: 36867267 PMCID: PMC9984344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary neuroendocrine (NE) cells represent a small population in the airway epithelium, but despite this, hyperplasia of NE cells is associated with several lung diseases, such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The molecular mechanisms causing the development of NE cell hyperplasia remains poorly understood. Previously, we showed that the SOX21 modulates the SOX2-initiated differentiation of epithelial cells in the airways. Here, we show that precursor NE cells start to develop in the SOX2 + SOX21 + airway region and that SOX21 suppresses the differentiation of airway progenitors to precursor NE cells. During development, clusters of NE cells start to form and NE cells mature by expressing neuropeptide proteins, such as CGRP. Deficiency in SOX2 resulted in decreased clustering, while deficiency in SOX21 increased both the numbers of NE ASCL1 + precursor cells early in development, and the number of mature cell clusters at E18.5. In addition, at the end of gestation (E18.5), a number of NE cells in Sox2 heterozygous mice, did not yet express CGRP suggesting a delay in maturation. In conclusion, SOX2 and SOX21 function in the initiation, migration and maturation of NE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Eenjes
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Floor Benthem
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Boerema-de Munck
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjon Buscop-van Kempen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert J Rottier
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Yuan J, Wang Y, Hu X, Shi S, Zhang N, Wang L, Deng W, Feng ST, Peng Z, Luo Y. Use of dual-layer spectral detector computed tomography in the diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Eur J Radiol 2023; 159:110660. [PMID: 36577182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the optimal energy level of dual-layer spectral detector computed tomography (DLCT) images of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) and investigate the value in their detection. METHODS This retrospective analysis included 134 pNEN patients with 136 lesions; they underwent contrast-enhanced DLCT scanning with histopathological confirmation of pNENs. Virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) of 40-100 keV, iodine concentration map (IC map), Z-effective atomic number map (Zeff map), and conventional images were analysed. The optimal energy level was obtained by comparing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). The lesion detection rates of DLCT and conventional images were compared. Subjective image analysis was performed by two readers who assessed the image quality and lesion conspicuity on a 5-point scale. RESULTS The SNR of VMIs from 40 to 80 keV (arterial phase, P < 0.001; venous phase, P < 0.05) and CNR from 40 to 60 keV (arterial and venous phases, each P < 0.05) were higher than that of conventional images; VMI40keV showed the highest SNR and CNR. There was a good inter-reader agreement between the two reviewers (Kappa values > 0.61); the scores of Zeff and IC maps were higher than those of conventional images and VMI40keV (P < 0.05). The detection performance of DLCT images was better than conventional images. CONCLUSIONS The VMI40keV demonstrated the best CNR and SNR of pNENs compared to other VMIs. Zeff and IC maps improve objective image quality and reader preference compared to conventional images. These findings could possess important clinical implications in formulating treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Yuan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangdi Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuefang Hu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Siya Shi
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiwei Deng
- Clinical & Technical Support, Philips Healthcare China, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shi-Ting Feng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenpeng Peng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanji Luo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.
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Riachy L, Ferrand T, Chasserot-Golaz S, Galas L, Alexandre S, Montero-Hadjadje M. Advanced Imaging Approaches to Reveal Molecular Mechanisms Governing Neuroendocrine Secretion. Neuroendocrinology 2023; 113:107-119. [PMID: 34915491 DOI: 10.1159/000521457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the molecular mechanisms governing neuroendocrine secretion and resulting intercellular communication is one of the great challenges of cell biology to better understand organism physiology and neurosecretion disruption-related pathologies such as hypertension, neurodegenerative, or metabolic diseases. To visualize molecule distribution and dynamics at the nanoscale, many imaging approaches have been developed and are still emerging. In this review, we provide an overview of the pioneering studies using transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, total internal reflection microscopy, and super-resolution microscopy in neuroendocrine cells to visualize molecular mechanisms driving neurosecretion processes, including exocytosis and associated fusion pores, endocytosis and associated recycling vesicles, and protein-protein or protein-lipid interactions. Furthermore, the potential and the challenges of these different advanced imaging approaches for application in the study of neuroendocrine cell biology are discussed, aiming to guide researchers to select the best approach for their specific purpose around the crucial but not yet fully understood neurosecretion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Riachy
- Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale de Normandie, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Rouen, France
| | - Thomas Ferrand
- Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale de Normandie, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Rouen, France
| | - Sylvette Chasserot-Golaz
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ludovic Galas
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, PRIMACEN, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Alexandre
- Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces Laboratory, CNRS, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, UMR 6270, Rouen, France
| | - Maité Montero-Hadjadje
- Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale de Normandie, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Rouen, France
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5
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Abu-Jeyyab M, Kakish R, Alkatib M, Alshawabkeh L, Bani Hamad R, Almadani M, Santarisi M, Al-Jafari M, Nashwan AJ. An Intestinal Type Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumor: A Case Report. Case Rep Oncol 2023; 16:1113-1120. [PMID: 37900795 PMCID: PMC10601806 DOI: 10.1159/000533761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) represent a diverse set of malignancies, originating from the neuroendocrine cells dispersed throughout the body. Their symptoms are associated with the secretion of bioactive peptides by tumor cells. Five-year survival rates depend on the disease stage: 93% for local, 74% for regional, and 19% for metastatic disease. This report describes a case involving a 64-year-old male patient, who was enduring high blood pressure and anemia. His symptomatology included frequent fainting and bloody vomiting without prior bleeding, coupled with persistent abdominal pain and weight loss. A complete blood count revealed microcytic anemia. His condition improved postoperatively after the transfusion of two units of packed red blood cells, normalizing all parameters. Further biochemistry and serology tests did not provide significant insights. However, an upper endoscopy unveiled a deep ulcer below the gastroesophageal junction with ulcer desquamation. A combination of clinical, laboratory, and radiographic data initially indicated a gastric carcinoma of the intestinal type, characterized by extensive extracellular mucin secretion. The surgical intervention led to the extraction of multiple tumors from lymph nodes, culminating in a postoperative diagnosis of a gastrointestinal (GI) mesenchymal tumor. NETs predominantly manifest in the GI tract, initiating primarily in the small intestine but can also originate in the stomach, appendix, colon, and other parts of the GI tract. Their development from neuroendocrine cells enables them to produce high concentrations of hormone-like substances such as neuropeptides and amines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Kakish
- School of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Malak Alkatib
- School of Medicine, Mutah University, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | | | | | - Mary Almadani
- School of Medicine, Mutah University, Al-Karak, Jordan
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles that contain various biomolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, and are manufactured and released by virtually all cell types. There is evidence that EVs are involved in intercellular communication, acting in an autocrine, paracrine or/and endocrine manner. EVs are released by the cells of the central nervous system (CNS), including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia, and have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enter the systemic circulation. Neuroendocrine cells are specialized neurons that secrete hormones directly into blood vessels, such as the hypophyseal portal system or the systemic circulation, a process that allows neuroendocrine integration to take place. In mammals, neuroendocrine cells are widely distributed throughout various anatomic compartments, with the hypothalamus being a central neuroendocrine integrator. The hypothalamus is a key part of the stress system (SS), a highly conserved neuronal/neuroendocrine system aiming at maintaining systemic homeostasis when the latter is threatened by various stressors. The central parts of the SS are the interconnected hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the brainstem locus caeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) systems, while their peripheral parts are, respectively, the pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous/sympatho-adrenomedullary systems (SNS-SAM) as well as components of the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). During stress, multiple CNS loci show plasticity and undergo remodeling, partly mediated by increased glutamatergic and noradrenergic activity, and the actions of cytokines and glucocorticoids, all regulated by the interaction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the LC-NE/SNS-SAM systems. In addition, there are peripheral changes due to the increased secretion of stress hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the context of stress-related systemic (para)inflammation. We speculate that during stress, central and peripheral, cellular and molecular alterations take place, with some of them generated, communicated, and spread via the release of stress-induced neural/neuroendocrine cell-derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia A Makrygianni
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Ikegawa N, Kozuka A, Morita N, Murakami M, Sasakawa N, Niikura T. Humanin derivative, HNG, enhances neurotransmitter release. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130204. [PMID: 35843407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humanin (HN) is an endogenous 24-residue peptide that was first identified as a protective factor against neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously demonstrated that the highly potent HN derivative HNG (HN with substitution of Gly for Ser14) ameliorated cognitive impairment in AD mouse models. Despite the accumulating evidence on the antagonizing effects of HN against cognitive deficits, the mechanisms behind these effects remain to be elucidated. METHODS The extracellular fluid in the hippocampus of wild-type young mice was collected by microdialysis and the amounts of neurotransmitters were measured. The kinetic analysis of exocytosis was performed by amperometry using neuroendocrine cells. RESULTS The hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) levels were increased by intraperitoneal injection of HNG. HNG did not affect the physical activities of the mice but modestly improved their object memory. In a neuronal cell model, rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, HNG enhanced ACh-induced dopamine release. HNG increased ACh-induced secretory events and vesicular quantal size in primary neuroendocrine cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that HN directly enhances regulated exocytosis in neurons, which can contribute to the improvement of cognitive functions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The regulator of exocytosis is a novel physiological role of HN, which provides a molecular clue for HN's effects on brain functions under health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Ikegawa
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan
| | - Ayari Kozuka
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan
| | - Nozomi Morita
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan
| | - Minetaka Murakami
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sasakawa
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan
| | - Takako Niikura
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan.
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Mahmoud W, Perniss A, Poharkar K, Soultanova A, Pfeil U, Hoek A, Bhushan S, Hain T, Gärtner U, Kummer W. CXCL13 is expressed in a subpopulation of neuroendocrine cells in the murine trachea and lung. Cell Tissue Res 2021. [PMID: 34762185 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The conducting airways are lined by distinct cell types, comprising basal, secretory, ciliated, and rare cells, including ionocytes, solitary cholinergic chemosensory cells, and solitary and clustered (neuroepithelial bodies) neuroendocrine cells. Airway neuroendocrine cells are in clinical focus since they can give rise to small cell lung cancer. They have been implicated in diverse functions including mechanosensation, chemosensation, and regeneration, and were recently identified as regulators of type 2 immune responses via the release of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). We here assessed the expression of the chemokine CXCL13 (B cell attracting chemokine) by these cells by RT-PCR, in silico analysis of publicly available sequencing data sets, immunohistochemistry, and immuno-electron microscopy. We identify a phenotype of neuroendocrine cells in the naïve mouse, producing the chemokine CXCL13 predominantly in solitary neuroendocrine cells of the tracheal epithelium (approx. 70% CXCL13+) and, to a lesser extent, in the solitary neuroendocrine cells and neuroepithelial bodies of the intrapulmonary bronchial epithelium (< 10% CXCL13+). In silico analysis of published sequencing data of murine tracheal epithelial cells was consistent with the results obtained by immunohistochemistry as it revealed that neuroendocrine cells are the major source of Cxcl13-mRNA, which was expressed by 68–79% of neuroendocrine cells. An unbiased scRNA-seq data analysis of overall gene expression did not yield subclusters of neuroendocrine cells. Our observation demonstrates phenotypic heterogeneity of airway neuroendocrine cells and points towards a putative immunoregulatory role of these cells in bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue formation and B cell homeostasis.
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9
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Ceridono M, Chasserot-Golaz S, Vitale N, Gasman S, Ory S. Measurements of Compensatory Endocytosis by Antibody Internalization and Quantification of Endocytic Vesicle Distribution in Adrenal Chromaffin Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2233:43-51. [PMID: 33222126 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1044-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Plasma membrane proteins are amenable to endocytosis assays since they are easily labeled by reagents applied in the extracellular medium. This has been widely exploited to study constitutive endocytosis or ligand-induced receptor endocytosis. Compensatory endocytosis is the mechanism by which components of secretory vesicles are retrieved after vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane in response to cell stimulation and a rise in intracellular calcium. Luminal membrane proteins from secretory vesicles are therefore transiently exposed at the plasma membrane. Here, we described an antibody-based method to monitor compensatory endocytosis in chromaffin cells and present an image-based analysis to quantify endocytic vesicles distribution.
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Rapizzi E, Benvenuti S, Deledda C, Martinelli S, Sarchielli E, Fibbi B, Luciani P, Mazzanti B, Pantaleo M, Marroncini G, Vannelli GB, Maggi M, Mannelli M, Luconi M, Peri A. A unique neuroendocrine cell model derived from the human foetal neural crest. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:1259-1269. [PMID: 32157664 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nowadays, no human neuroendocrine cell models derived from the neural crest are available. In this study, we present non-transformed long-term primary Neural Crest Cells (NCCs) isolated from the trunk region of the neural crest at VIII-XII gestational weeks of human foetuses obtained from voluntary legal abortion. METHODS AND RESULTS In NCC, quantitative real-time RT PCR demonstrated the expression of neural crest specifier genes, such as Snail1, Snail2/SLUG, Sox10, FoxD3, c-Myc, and p75NTR. Moreover, these cell populations expressed stemness markers (such as Nanog and nestin), as well as markers of motility and invasion (TAGLN, MMP9, CXCR4, and CXCR7), and of neuronal/glial differentiation (MAP2, GFAP, SYP, and TAU). Functional analysis demonstrated that these cells not only possessed high migration properties, but most importantly, they expressed markers of sympatho-adrenal lineage, such as ASCL1 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Moreover, the expression of TH increased after the induction with two different protocols of differentiation towards neuronal and sympatho-adrenal phenotypes. Finally, exposure to conditioned culture media from NCC induced a mature phenotype in a neuronal cell model (namely SH-SY5Y), suggesting that NCC may also act like Schwann precursors. CONCLUSION This unique human cell model provides a solid tool for future studies addressing the bases of human neural crest-derived neuroendocrine tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rapizzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Benvenuti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - C Deledda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - S Martinelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - E Sarchielli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - B Fibbi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - P Luciani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - B Mazzanti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Pantaleo
- Genetics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - G Marroncini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - G B Vannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - M Mannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - M Luconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Peri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
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Luley K, Gebauer J, Gebauer N, Tharun L, Buchmann I, Barkhausen J, von Bubnoff N, Lindner K, Keck T, Lehnert H, Schmid SM. [Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms-Heterogeneity, management and perspectives of treatment and research]. Internist (Berl). 2020;61:875-890. [PMID: 32676723 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-020-00832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The term neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) encompasses a molecularly and biologically very heterogeneous group of tumors, which have in common their origin in neuroendocrine cells. The also very heterogeneous subgroup of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NEN) is the best classified and investigated group. This article provides a systematic review of the current classification, diagnostics and treatment options of GEP-NEN. In order to achieve a better overview, it was consciously decided not to use an approach based on the primary localization. Instead, a thematic organization according to classification, clinical phenotype, diagnostics and treatment was chosen.
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Farfariello V, Prevarskaya N, Gkika D. Ion Channel Profiling in Prostate Cancer: Toward Cell Population-Specific Screening. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020. [PMID: 32737754 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last three decades, a growing number of studies have implicated ion channels in all essential processes of prostate carcinogenesis, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis. The changes in the expression of individual ion channels show a specific profile, making these proteins promising clinical biomarkers that may enable better molecular subtyping of the disease and lead to more rapid and accurate clinical decision-making. Expression profiles and channel function are mainly based on the tumoral tissue itself, in this case, the epithelial cancer cell population. To date, little data on the ion channel profile of the cancerous prostate stroma are available, even though tumor interactions with the microenvironment are crucial in carcinogenesis and each distinct population plays a specific role in tumor progression. In this review, we describe ion channel expression profiles specific for the distinct cell population of the tumor microenvironment (stromal, endothelial, neuronal, and neuroendocrine cell populations) and the technical approaches used for efficient separation and screening of these cell populations.
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Hackeng WM, Schelhaas W, Morsink FHM, Heidsma CM, van Eeden S, Valk GD, Vriens MR, Heaphy CM, Nieveen van Dijkum EJM, Offerhaus GJA, Dreijerink KMA, Brosens LAA. Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres and Differential Expression of Endocrine Transcription Factors Distinguish Metastatic and Non-metastatic Insulinomas. Endocr Pathol 2020; 31:108-118. [PMID: 32103422 PMCID: PMC7250793 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-020-09611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs)/insulinomas are generally considered to be indolent tumors with an excellent prognosis after complete resection. However, some insulinomas have a poor prognosis due to relapses and metastatic disease. Recently, studies in non-functional PanNETs indicated that behavior can be stratified according to alpha- and beta-cell differentiation, as defined by expression of the transcription factors ARX and PDX1, respectively. It is unknown whether similar mechanisms play a role in insulinomas. Therefore, we determined ARX and PDX1 expression in a cohort of 35 sporadic primary insulinomas and two liver metastases of inoperable primary insulinomas. In addition, WHO grade and loss of ATRX or DAXX were determined by immunohistochemistry, and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) and CDKN2A status by fluorescence in situ hybridization. These findings were correlated with tumor characteristics and clinical follow-up data. In total, five out of 37 insulinoma patients developed metastatic disease. Metastatic insulinomas were all larger than 3 cm, whereas the indolent insulinomas were smaller (p value < 0.05). All three primary insulinomas that metastasized showed ARX expression, 2/3 showed ALT, and 1/3 had a homozygous deletion of CDKN2A as opposed to absence of ARX expression, ALT, or CDKN2A deletions in the 32 non-metastatic cases. The two liver metastases also showed ARX expression and ALT (2/2). The presence of ARX expression, which is usually absent in beta-cells, and genetic alterations not seen in indolent insulinomas strongly suggest a distinct tumorigenic mechanism in malignant insulinomas, with similarities to non-functional PanNETs. These observations may inform future follow-up strategies after insulinoma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzel M Hackeng
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Willemien Schelhaas
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert H M Morsink
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte M Heidsma
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne van Eeden
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerlof D Valk
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Menno R Vriens
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - G Johan A Offerhaus
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen M A Dreijerink
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk A A Brosens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Triantafyllou A, Devaney KO, Hunt JL, Rinaldo A, Ferlito A. Structural biology of intraepithelial neuroendocrine cells in the larynx: Literature review. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 215:1-4. [PMID: 30396757 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge of laryngeal neuroendocrine cells in man and other vertebrates is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to differences in the distribution of neuroendocrine cells between squamous and respiratory laryngeal mucosa, foetal versus post-natal spatial arrangements, relation to the laryngeal cavity and nerve fibres, and immunoreactivities of these cells. Methodological deficiencies and gaps in knowledge are outlined. Comparisons with neuroendocrine cells in lung and gut are drawn, caution with regard to existing histogenetic models of laryngeal neuroendocrine neoplasia is advised and lines of future research are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asterios Triantafyllou
- Department of Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK; School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | - Jennifer L Hunt
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Alfio Ferlito
- Coordinator of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy
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15
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Abstract
Besides its classical functions as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, local mediator in the gastrointestinal tract and vasoactive agent in the blood, serotonin has more recently emerged as a growth factor for human tumor cells of different origins (carcinomas, glioma and carcinoids). Several data are also available on serotonin involvement in cancer cell migration, metastatic dissemination and tumor angiogenesis. The serotonin-induced signaling pathways that promote tumor progression are complex and only partly understood in some cancer types. The results of several studies showed that serotonin levels in the tumor played a crucial role in cancer progression. A serotonin production and secretion by neuroendocrine cells have been shown in the progression of several solid tumors and the involvement of a serotoninergic autocrine loop was proposed. Specific receptor subtypes are associated with different fundamental stages of tumor progression and the pattern of receptors expression becomes dysregulated in several human tumors when compared with normal cells or tissues. Serotonin receptors, selective serotonin transporter and serotonin synthesis pathways are potential chemotherapeutic targets for the treatment of several cancers in which therapeutic approaches are limited. Through several asked questions, this critical mini-review discusses the relevance of the involvement of serotonin in human cancer progression.
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16
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Eissa N, Hussein H, Kermarrec L, Ali AY, Marshall A, Metz-Boutigue MH, Hendy GN, Bernstein CN, Ghia JE. Chromogranin-A Regulates Macrophage Function and the Apoptotic Pathway in Murine DSS colitis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 96:183-198. [PMID: 29274006 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin-A (CHGA) is elevated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but little is known about its role in colonic inflammation. IBD is associated with impaired functions of macrophages and increased apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. We investigated CHGA expression in human subjects with active ulcerative colitis (UC) and the underlying mechanisms in Chga -/- mice. In UC, CHGA, classically activated macrophage (M1) markers, caspase-3, p53, and its associated genes were increased, while alternatively activated macrophage (M2) markers were decreased without changes in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. CHGA correlated positively with M1 and the apoptotic pathway and negatively with M2. In the murine dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, Chga deletion reduced the disease severity and onset, pro-inflammatory mediators, M1, and p53/caspase-3 activation, while it upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokines and M2 markers with no changes in the extrinsic apoptotic markers. Compared to Chga +/+ , M1 and p53/caspase-3 activation in Chga -/- macrophages were decreased in vitro, while M2 markers were increased. CHGA plays a critical role during colitis through the modulation of macrophage functions via the caspase-3/p53 pathway. Strategies targeting CHGA to regulate macrophage activation and apoptosis might be developed to treat UC patients. KEY MESSAGES • Chromogranin-A (CHGA) is pro-hormone and is secreted in the gut. CHGA is elevated in colitis and is associated with the disease severity. The lack of GHGA has beneficial immunomodulatory properties during the development of intestinal inflammation. The lack of CHGA regulates the plasticity of macrophages and p53/caspase activation in colitis. Functional analysis of CHGA may lead to a novel therapy for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Eissa
- Immunology Department, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 431 Apotex Centre, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hayam Hussein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Laëtitia Kermarrec
- Immunology Department, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 431 Apotex Centre, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Ahmed Y Ali
- Immunology Department, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 431 Apotex Centre, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Aaron Marshall
- Immunology Department, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 431 Apotex Centre, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marie-Helene Metz-Boutigue
- Inserm UMR112, Biomatériaux et ingéniérie tissulaire, Institut Leriche 2éme étage, Hôpital Civil, Porte de l'Hôpital, BP 426, 67091, Strasbourg, France
| | - Geoffrey N Hendy
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Internal Medicine Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Immunology Department, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 431 Apotex Centre, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Internal Medicine Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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17
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Taweevisit M, Theerasantipong B, Taothong K, Thorner PS. Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia in Hemoglobin Bart-induced Hydrops Fetalis: A model for Chronic Intrauterine Hypoxia. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2017; 20:298-307. [PMID: 28727978 DOI: 10.1177/1093526617693121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary neuroendocrine system includes pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) and neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) that are distributed throughout respiratory epithelium and regulate lung growth and maturation antenatally. Abnormalities in this system have been linked to many hypoxia-associated pediatric pulmonary disorders. Hemoglobin (Hb) Bart disease is a severe form of α-thalassemia resulting in marked intrauterine hypoxia with hydrops fetalis (HF) and usually death in utero. Affected fetuses can serve as a naturally occurring human model for the effects of intrauterine hypoxia, and we postulated that these effects should include changes in the pulmonary neuroendocrine system. Bombesin immunostaining was used to assess PNECs and NEBs in stillborn fetuses with Hb Bart HF ( n = 16) and with HF from other causes ( n = 14) in comparison to non-HF controls. Hb Bart HF showed a significant increase in the proportion of PNECs in respiratory epithelium ( P = .002), mean number of NEB nuclei ( P = .03), and mean size of NEBs ( P = .002), compared to normal non-HF controls. Significant differences were not observed between HF due to other causes and non-HF controls with normal lungs. Non-HF controls with pulmonary hypoplasia showed significant increases in PNECs compared to HF cases not due to Hb Bart HF, implying HF alone does not cause such increases. In contrast, no significant differences were noted between non-HF controls with pulmonary hypoplasia and Hb Bart cases. Hb Bart HF may provide a useful model for studying the pulmonary neuroendocrine system under chronic intrauterine hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Taweevisit
- 1 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boochit Theerasantipong
- 1 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanlaya Taothong
- 1 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Scott Thorner
- 1 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand.,2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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18
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Abstract
From birth, animals should possess functional machinery to appropriately regulate its respiration. This machinery has to detect the available oxygen quantity in order to efficiently modulate breathing movements in accordance with body requirements. The chemosensitivity process responsible for this detection is known to be mainly performed by carotid bodies. However, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, which are mainly gathered in neuroepithelial bodies, also present the capability to exert chemosensitivity. The goal of this article is to put in perspective the potential complementarity in the activity of these two peripheral chemosensors in the context of neonatal oxygen chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Caravagna
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone-Equipe IMAPATH, CERIMED, UMR 7289 CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin,13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
| | - Tommy Seaborn
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Room 4645-A,1050, Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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19
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Liu XQ, Zhang HF, Zhang WD, Zhang PF, Hao YN, Song R, Li L, Feng YN, Hao ZH, Shen W, Min LJ, Yang HD, Zhao Y. Regulation of neuroendocrine cells and neuron factors in the ovary by zinc oxide nanoparticles. Toxicol Lett 2016; 256:19-32. [PMID: 27215404 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pubertal period is an important window during the development of the female reproductive system. Development of the pubertal ovary, which supplies the oocytes intended for fertilization, requires growth factors, hormones, and neuronal factors. It has been reported that zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) cause cytotoxicity of neuron cells. However, there have been no reports of the effects of ZnO NPs on neuronal factors and neuroendocrine cells in the ovary (in vivo). For the first time, this in vivo study investigated the effects of ZnO NPs on gene and protein expression of neuronal factors and the population of neuroendocrine cells in ovaries. Intact NPs were detected in ovarian tissue and although ZnO NPs did not alter body weight, they reduced the ovary organ index. Compared to the control or ZnSO4 treatments, ZnO NPs treatments differentially regulated neuronal factor protein and gene expression, and the population of neuroendocrine cells. ZnO NPs changed the contents of essential elements in the ovary; however, they did not alter levels of the steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone. These data together suggest that intact ZnO NPs might pose a toxic effect on neuron development in the ovary and eventually negatively affect ovarian developmental at puberty.
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20
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Sinagra E, Pompei G, Tomasello G, Cappello F, Morreale GC, Amvrosiadis G, Rossi F, Lo Monte AI, Rizzo AG, Raimondo D. Inflammation in irritable bowel syndrome: Myth or new treatment target? World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2242-2255. [PMID: 26900287 PMCID: PMC4734999 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-grade intestinal inflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and this role is likely to be multifactorial. The aim of this review was to summarize the evidence on the spectrum of mucosal inflammation in IBS, highlighting the relationship of this inflammation to the pathophysiology of IBS and its connection to clinical practice. We carried out a bibliographic search in Medline and the Cochrane Library for the period of January 1966 to December 2014, focusing on publications describing an interaction between inflammation and IBS. Several evidences demonstrate microscopic and molecular abnormalities in IBS patients. Understanding the mechanisms underlying low-grade inflammation in IBS may help to design clinical trials to test the efficacy and safety of drugs that target this pathophysiologic mechanism.
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21
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Wang LL, Yao GY, Zhao ZS, Wei XL, Xu RJ. Clonality analysis of neuroendocrine cells in gastric adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:5340-5346. [PMID: 23983439 PMCID: PMC3752570 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i32.5340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To achieve a better understanding of the origination of neuroendocrine (NE) cells in gastric adenocarcinoma.
METHODS: In this study, 120 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma were obtained. First, frozen section-immunohistochemistrical samples were selected from a large quantity of neuroendocrine cells. Second, laser capture microdissection was used to get target cells from gastric adenocarcinoma and whole genome amplification was applied to get a large quantity of DNA for further study. Third, genome-wide microsatellite abnormalities [microsatellite instability (MSI), loss of heterozygosity (LOH)] and p53 mutation were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single-strand conformation polymer- phism-silver staining and PCR-sequencing in order to identify the clonality of NE cells.
RESULTS: The total incidence rate of MSI was 27.4%, while LOH was 17.9%. Ten cases had a highest concordance for the two types of cells. The other samples had similar microsatellite changes, except for cases 7 and 10. Concordant p53 mutations exhibited in sample 4, 14, 21 and 27, and there were different mutations between two kinds of cells in case 7. In case 17, mutation took place only in adenocarcinoma cells. p53 mutation was closely related with degree of differentiation, tumor-node-metastasis stage, vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis. In brief, NE and adenocarcinoma cells showed the same MSI, LOH or p53 mutation in most cases (27/30). In the other three cases, different MSI, LOH or p53 mutation occurred.
CONCLUSION: NE and the gastric adenocarcinoma cells may mainly derive from the same stem cells, but the remaining cases showing different origin needs further investigation.
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