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Kumari R, R V, Sunil D, Ningthoujam RS, Pandey BN, Kulkarni SD, Varadavenkatesan T, Venkatachalam G, V AKN. A Nitronaphthalimide Probe for Fluorescence Imaging of Hypoxia in Cancer Cells. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:1665-1673. [PMID: 34383168 PMCID: PMC8545720 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02800-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bioreductive enzymes typically upregulated in hypoxic tumor cells can be targeted for developing diagnostic and drug delivery applications. In this study, a new fluorescent probe 4-(6-nitro-1,3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl)benzaldehyde (NIB) based on a nitronaphthalimide skeleton that could respond to nitroreductase (NTR) overexpressed in hypoxic tumors is designed and its application in imaging tumor hypoxia is demonstrated. The docking studies revealed favourable interactions of NIB with the binding pocket of NTR-Escherichia coli. NIB, which is synthesized through a simple and single step imidation of 4-nitro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride displayed excellent reducible capacity under hypoxic conditions as evidenced from cyclic voltammetry investigations. The fluorescence measurements confirmed the formation of identical products (NIB-red) during chemical as well as NTR-aided enzymatic reduction in the presence of NADH. The potential fluorescence imaging of hypoxia based on NTR-mediated reduction of NIB is confirmed using in-vitro cell culture experiments using human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells, which displayed a significant change in the fluorescence colour and intensity at low NIB concentration within a short incubation period in hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vasumathy R
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dhanya Sunil
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Raghumani Singh Ningthoujam
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Badri Narain Pandey
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Suresh D Kulkarni
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Thivaharan Varadavenkatesan
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesh Venkatachalam
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis (EEC) Division, CSIR - Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI), Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anil Kumar N V
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
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