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Olszyński RM, Zakrzewski PK, Rimet F, Sulkowska J, Peszek Ł, Żelazna-Wieczorek J. Morphology and phylogeny of Nitzschianandorii sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), a new small-celled lanceolate species from a post-mining reservoir. PhytoKeys 2024; 241:1-26. [PMID: 38618285 PMCID: PMC11009488 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.241.117406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Post-mining reservoirs are distinguished by characteristic environmental conditions where specific diatom communities can be observed. Reservoirs created as a part of the reclamation plan after human mining activities are marked by unique chemical and physical water parameters. In the course of research on the diatoms from Bogdałów reservoir, we examined the taxonomic and morphological diversity of Nitzschia taxa from the section Lanceolatae occurring in a post-mining lignite reservoir. Our study describes a new species of Nitzschia from a post-mining reservoir, Nitzschianandorii Olszyński, Zakrzewski & Żelazna-Wieczorek, sp. nov. Morphometry and morphology analyses of new species were performed with light and scanning electron microscopy. Chloroplast morphology analysis was conducted with differential interference contrast microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Molecular data from SSU 18S, rbcL and psbC sequences were obtained from cultures of this taxon. Differential diagnosis of Nitzschianandorii Olszyński, Zakrzewski & Żelazna-Wieczorek, sp. nov. with co-occurring taxa: N.lacuum and N.alpinobacillum was performed using morphological traits and nMDS analysis of the valves' morphometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał M. Olszyński
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Algology and Mycology, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
- UMR Carrtel, INRAE, Universit´e Savoie-Mont Blanc, 75bis av. de Corzent, FR74203 Thonon les Bains, France
| | - Piotr K. Zakrzewski
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Algology and Mycology, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Frédéric Rimet
- UMR Carrtel, INRAE, Universit´e Savoie-Mont Blanc, 75bis av. de Corzent, FR74203 Thonon les Bains, France
| | - Julia Sulkowska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Algology and Mycology, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Łukasz Peszek
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Cytobiochemistry, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Żelazna-Wieczorek
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Algology and Mycology, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
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Okada K, Morimoto Y, Shiraishi Y, Tamura T, Mayama S, Kadono T, Adachi M, Ifuku K, Nemoto M. Nuclear Transformation of the Marine Pennate Diatom Nitzschia sp. Strain NIES-4635 by Multi-Pulse Electroporation. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2023; 25:1208-1219. [PMID: 38071657 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitzschia is one of the largest genera of diatoms found in a range of aquatic environments, from freshwater to seawater. This genus contains evolutionarily and ecologically unique species, such as those that have lost photosynthetic capacity or those that live symbiotically in dinoflagellates. Several Nitzschia species have been used as indicators of water pollution. Recently, Nitzschia species have attracted considerable attention in the field of biotechnology. In this study, a transformation method for the marine pennate diatom Nitzschia sp. strain NIES-4635, isolated from the coastal Seto Inland Sea, was established. Plasmids containing the promoter/terminator of the fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c binding protein gene (fcp, or Lhcf) derived from Nitzschia palea were constructed and introduced into cells by multi-pulse electroporation, resulting in 500 μg/mL nourseothricin-resistant transformants with transformation frequencies of up to 365 colonies per 108 cells. In addition, when transformation was performed using a new plasmid containing a promoter derived from a diatom-infecting virus upstream of the green fluorescent protein gene (gfp), 44% of the nourseothricin-resistant clones exhibited GFP fluorescence. The integration of the genes introduced into the genomes of the transformants was confirmed by Southern blotting. The Nitzschia transformation method established in this study will enable the transformation this species, thus allowing the functional analysis of genes from the genus Nitzschia, which are important species for environmental and biotechnological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Okada
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yu Morimoto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yukine Shiraishi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mayama
- The Advanced Support Center for Science Teachers, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8511, Japan
- Tokyo Diatomology Lab, 2-3-2 Nukuikitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-0015, Japan
| | - Takashi Kadono
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Otsu-200, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Masao Adachi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Otsu-200, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ifuku
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Michiko Nemoto
- Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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Abstract
The oomycete genus Ectrogella currently comprises a rather heterogeneous group of obligate endoparasitoids, mostly of diatoms and algae. Despite their widespread occurrence, little is known regarding the phylogenetic affinities of these bizarre organisms. Traditionally, the genus was included within the Saprolegniales, based on zoospore diplanetism and a saprolegnia/achlya-like zoospore discharge. The genus has undergone multiple re-definitions in the past, and has often been used largely indiscriminately for oomycetes forming sausage-like thalli in diatoms. While the phylogenetic affinity of the polyphyletic genus Olpidiopsis has recently been partially resolved, taxonomic placement of the genus Ectrogella remained unresolved, as no sequence data were available for species of this genus. In this study, we report the phylogenetic placement of Ectrogella bacillariacearum infecting the freshwater diatom Nitzschia sigmoidea. The phylogenetic reconstruction shows that Ectrogella bacillariacearum is grouped among the early diverging lineages of the Saprolegniomycetes with high support, and is unrelated to the monophyletic diatom-infecting olpidiopsis-like species. As these species are neither related to Ectrogella, nor to the early diverging lineages of Olpidiopsis s. str. and Miracula, they are placed in a new genus, Diatomophthora, in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.T. Buaya
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue Str. 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M. Thines
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue Str. 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Bates SS, Hubbard KA, Lundholm N, Montresor M, Leaw CP. Pseudo- nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: New research since 2011. Harmful Algae 2018; 79:3-43. [PMID: 30420013 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Some diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a compound that caused amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans just over 30 years ago (December 1987) in eastern Canada. This review covers new information since two previous reviews in 2012. Nitzschia bizertensis was subsequently discovered to be toxigenic in Tunisian waters. The known distribution of N. navis-varingica has expanded from Vietnam to Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia. Furthermore, 15 new species (and one new variety) of Pseudo-nitzschia have been discovered, bringing the total to 52. Seven new species were found to produce DA, bringing the total of toxigenic species to 26. We list all Pseudo-nitzschia species, their ability to produce DA, and show their global distribution. A consequence of the extended distribution and increased number of toxigenic species worldwide is that DA is now found more pervasively in the food web, contaminating new marine organisms (especially marine mammals), affecting their physiology and disrupting ecosystems. Recent findings highlight how zooplankton grazers can induce DA production in Pseudo-nitzschia and how bacteria interact with Pseudo-nitzschia. Since 2012, new discoveries have been reported on physiological controls of Pseudo-nitzschia growth and DA production, its sexual reproduction, and infection by an oomycete parasitoid. Many advances are the result of applying molecular approaches to discovering new species, and to understanding the population genetic structure of Pseudo-nitzschia and mechanisms used to cope with iron limitation. The availability of genomes from three Pseudo-nitzschia species, coupled with a comparative transcriptomic approach, has allowed advances in our understanding of the sexual reproduction of Pseudo-nitzschia, its signaling pathways, its interactions with bacteria, and genes involved in iron and vitamin B12 and B7 metabolism. Although there have been no new confirmed cases of ASP since 1987 because of monitoring efforts, new blooms have occurred. A massive toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom affected the entire west coast of North America during 2015-2016, and was linked to a 'warm blob' of ocean water. Other smaller toxic blooms occurred in the Gulf of Mexico and east coast of North America. Knowledge gaps remain, including how and why DA and its isomers are produced, the world distribution of potentially toxigenic Nitzschia species, the prevalence of DA isomers, and molecular markers to discriminate between toxigenic and non-toxigenic species and to discover sexually reproducing populations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Bates
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, P.O. Box 5030, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 9B6, Canada.
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWRI), Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), 100 Eighth Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA; Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA, 02543 USA
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Marina Montresor
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Kamikawa R, Azuma T, Ishii KI, Matsuno Y, Miyashita H. Diversity of Organellar Genomes in Non-photosynthetic Diatoms. Protist 2018; 169:351-361. [PMID: 29803116 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We determined the complete sequences of the plastid and mitochondrial genomes of three non-photosynthetic Nitzschia spp., as well as those of a photosynthetic close relative, Nitzschia palea. All the plastid genomes and the three mitochondrial genomes determined were found to be circularly mapping, and the other mitochondrial genomes were predicted to be of a linear form with telomere-like structures at both ends. We found that all the non-photosynthetic plastid genomes are streamlined and lack a common gene set: two RNA genes, and 60 protein-coding genes, most of which are related to photosynthetic functions. Nevertheless, the non-photosynthetic plastid genomes commonly retain ATP synthase complex genes, although atpE is missing in Nitzschia sp. NIES-3581 and three other non-photosynthetic species lack atpF instead of atpE. This observation suggests an evolutionary constraint against the loss of ATP synthase complex genes. All the non-photosynthetic diatom plastid genomes lacked two genes, thiS and thiG, involved in thiamin biosynthesis. Consistent with this gene loss, non-photosynthetic Nitzschia spp. were incapable of thriving in vitamin B1-lacking media. This study clearly demonstrated not only the evolutionary trends of plastid genome reduction but also the linkage between plastid genome reduction and a biological change of nutrient requirements in Nitzschia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Kamikawa
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu cho, Sakyo ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Tomonori Azuma
- Faculty of Integrated Human Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu cho, Sakyo ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Ishii
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu cho, Sakyo ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yusei Matsuno
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu cho, Sakyo ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideaki Miyashita
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu cho, Sakyo ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Qu CF, Liu FM, Zheng Z, Wang YB, Li XG, Yuan HM, Li N, An ML, Wang XX, He YY, Li LL, Miao JL. Effects of ocean acidification on the physiological performance and carbon production of the Antarctic sea ice diatom Nitzschia sp. ICE-H. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 120:184-191. [PMID: 28511941 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) resulting from increasing atmospheric CO2 strongly influences marine ecosystems, particularly in the polar ocean due to greater CO2 solubility. Here, we grew the Antarctic sea ice diatom Nitzschia sp. ICE-H in a semicontinuous culture under low (~400ppm) and high (1000ppm) CO2 levels. Elevated CO2 resulted in a stimulated physiological response including increased growth rates, chlorophyll a contents, and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake rates. Furthermore, high CO2 enhanced cellular particulate organic carbon production rates, indicating a greater shift from inorganic to organic carbon. However, the cultures grown in high CO2 conditions exhibited a decrease in both extracellular and intracellular carbonic anhydrase activity, suggesting that the carbon concentrating mechanisms of Nitzschia sp. ICE-H may be suppressed by elevated CO2. Our results revealed that OA would be beneficial to the survival of this sea ice diatom strain, with broad implications for global carbon cycles in the future ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Feng Qu
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Fang-Ming Liu
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Zhou Zheng
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Yi-Bin Wang
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Xue-Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Hua-Mao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Mei-Ling An
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qing Dao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Xi-Xi Wang
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Ying-Ying He
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Lu-Lu Li
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Lai Miao
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
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Hlúbiková D, Blanco S, Falasco E, Gomà J, Hoffmann L, Ector L. NITZSCHIA ALICAE SP. NOV. AND N. PURIFORMIS SP. NOV., NEW DIATOMS FROM EUROPEAN RIVERS AND COMPARISON WITH THE TYPE MATERIAL OF N. SUBLINEARIS AND N. PURA(1). J Phycol 2009; 45:742-760. [PMID: 27034050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitzschia sublinearis Hustedt and N. pura Hustedt are common oligosaprobic freshwater diatom species that frequently occur in diatom inventories, thus being important in water quality studies. Both are considered as species with overlapping diagnostic criteria in several floras, which is typical of the whole genus Nitzschia. The type material of Hustedt of N. sublinearis and N. pura was examined using LM and EM in order to document the range of variation within the type populations and to compare it with populations occurring in different European rivers. Detailed observations allowed recognition of two new freshwater diatom species: N. alicae sp. nov., occurring in mesotrophic up to eutrophic conditions, and N. puriformis sp. nov., mostly occurring in oligotrophic habitats, both in rivers and streams at middle and high altitudes. The most reliable taxonomic features that separate both new species from the most similar taxa are the density of fibulae and striae, valve shape, and valve width as well as the shape of areolae. Morphological examination of different populations indicates that N. puriformis is relatively common in European rivers and has been overlooked to date and confounded with N. pura by several researchers. By contrast, N. alicae has, to date, been collected only in Slovakia and Northern Italy, but with a high frequency of occurrence and sometimes in high abundance at sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daša Hlúbiková
- Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies (EVA), Public Research Centre - Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg Water Research Institute, National Reference Laboratory for Waters, Nabr. L. Svobodu 5, SK-81249 Bratislava, SlovakiaDepartment of Ecology, University of León, E-24071 León, SpainDipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10123 Torino, ItalyDepartament d'Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies (EVA), Public Research Centre - Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Saúl Blanco
- Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies (EVA), Public Research Centre - Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg Water Research Institute, National Reference Laboratory for Waters, Nabr. L. Svobodu 5, SK-81249 Bratislava, SlovakiaDepartment of Ecology, University of León, E-24071 León, SpainDipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10123 Torino, ItalyDepartament d'Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies (EVA), Public Research Centre - Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Elisa Falasco
- Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies (EVA), Public Research Centre - Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg Water Research Institute, National Reference Laboratory for Waters, Nabr. L. Svobodu 5, SK-81249 Bratislava, SlovakiaDepartment of Ecology, University of León, E-24071 León, SpainDipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10123 Torino, ItalyDepartament d'Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies (EVA), Public Research Centre - Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Joan Gomà
- Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies (EVA), Public Research Centre - Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg Water Research Institute, National Reference Laboratory for Waters, Nabr. L. Svobodu 5, SK-81249 Bratislava, SlovakiaDepartment of Ecology, University of León, E-24071 León, SpainDipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10123 Torino, ItalyDepartament d'Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies (EVA), Public Research Centre - Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Lucien Hoffmann
- Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies (EVA), Public Research Centre - Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg Water Research Institute, National Reference Laboratory for Waters, Nabr. L. Svobodu 5, SK-81249 Bratislava, SlovakiaDepartment of Ecology, University of León, E-24071 León, SpainDipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10123 Torino, ItalyDepartament d'Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies (EVA), Public Research Centre - Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Luc Ector
- Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies (EVA), Public Research Centre - Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg Water Research Institute, National Reference Laboratory for Waters, Nabr. L. Svobodu 5, SK-81249 Bratislava, SlovakiaDepartment of Ecology, University of León, E-24071 León, SpainDipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10123 Torino, ItalyDepartament d'Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain Department of Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies (EVA), Public Research Centre - Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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