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Takeda T, Yamano S, Goto Y, Hirai S, Furukawa Y, Kikuchi Y, Misumi K, Suzuki M, Takanobu K, Senoh H, Saito M, Kondo H, Daghlian G, Hong YK, Yoshimatsu Y, Hirashima M, Kobashi Y, Okamoto K, Kishimoto T, Umeda Y. Dose-response relationship of pulmonary disorders by inhalation exposure to cross-linked water-soluble acrylic acid polymers in F344 rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:27. [PMID: 35395797 PMCID: PMC8994297 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Japan, six workers handling cross-linked water-soluble acrylic acid polymer (CWAAP) at a chemical plant suffered from lung diseases, including fibrosis, interstitial pneumonia, emphysema, and pneumothorax. We recently demonstrated that inhalation of CWAAP-A, one type of CWAAP, causes pulmonary disorders in rats. It is important to investigate dose–response relationships and recoverability from exposure to CWAAPs for establishing occupational health guidelines, such as setting threshold limit value for CWAAPs in the workplace. Methods Male and female F344 rats were exposed to 0.3, 1, 3, or 10 mg/m3 CWAAP-A for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks using a whole-body inhalation exposure system. At 1 h, 4 weeks, and 13 weeks after the last exposure the rats were euthanized and blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and all tissues including lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes were collected and subjected to biological and histopathological analyses. In a second experiment, male rats were pre-treated with clodronate liposome or polymorphonuclear leukocyte-neutralizing antibody to deplete macrophages or neutrophils, respectively, and exposed to CWAAP-A for 6 h/day for 2 days. Results CWAAP-A exposure damaged only the alveoli. The lowest observed adverse effect concentration (LOAEC) was 1 mg/m3 and the no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) was 0.3 mg/m3. Rats of both sexes were able to recover from the tissue damage caused by 13 weeks exposure to 1 mg/m3 CWAAP-A. In contrast, tissue damage caused by exposure to 3 and 10 mg/m3 was irreversible due to the development of interstitial lung lesions. There was a gender difference in the recovery from CWAAP-A induced pulmonary disorders, with females recovering less than males. Finally, acute lung effects caused by CWAAP-A were significantly reduced by depletion of alveolar macrophages. Conclusions Pulmonary damage caused by inhalation exposure to CWAAP-A was dose-dependent, specific to the lung and lymph nodes, and acute lung damage was ameliorated by depleting macrophages in the lungs. CWAAP-A had both a LOAEC and a NOAEC, and tissue damage caused by exposure to 1 mg/m3 CWAAP-A was reversible: recovery in female rats was less than for males. These findings indicate that concentration limits for CWAAPs in the workplace can be determined. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00468-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Takeda
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Yamano
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan.
| | - Yuko Goto
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Hirai
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Yusuke Furukawa
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kikuchi
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Kyohei Misumi
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Masaaki Suzuki
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Kenji Takanobu
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Hideki Senoh
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Misae Saito
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kondo
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - George Daghlian
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshimatsu
- Division of Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masanori Hirashima
- Division of Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kobashi
- Department of Pathology, Tenri Hospital, Tenri, Nara, 632-8552, Japan
| | - Kenzo Okamoto
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido Chuo Rosai Hospital, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Iwamizawa, Hokkaido, 068-0004, Japan
| | - Takumi Kishimoto
- Director of Research and Training Center for Asbestos-Related Diseases, Okayama, Okayama, 702-8055, Japan
| | - Yumi Umeda
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
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