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Graceffa V. Physical and mechanical cues affecting biomaterial-mediated plasmid DNA delivery: insights into non-viral delivery systems. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:90. [PMID: 34142237 PMCID: PMC8211807 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whilst traditional strategies to increase transfection efficiency of non-viral systems aimed at modifying the vector or the polyplexes/lipoplexes, biomaterial-mediated gene delivery has recently sparked increased interest. This review aims at discussing biomaterial properties and unravelling underlying mechanisms of action, for biomaterial-mediated gene delivery. DNA internalisation and cytoplasmic transport are initially discussed. DNA immobilisation, encapsulation and surface-mediated gene delivery (SMD), the role of extracellular matrix (ECM) and topographical cues, biomaterial stiffness and mechanical stimulation are finally outlined. MAIN TEXT Endocytic pathways and mechanisms to escape the lysosomal network are highly variable. They depend on cell and DNA complex types but can be diverted using appropriate biomaterials. 3D scaffolds are generally fabricated via DNA immobilisation or encapsulation. Degradation rate and interaction with the vector affect temporal patterns of DNA release and transgene expression. In SMD, DNA is instead coated on 2D surfaces. SMD allows the incorporation of topographical cues, which, by inducing cytoskeletal re-arrangements, modulate DNA endocytosis. Incorporation of ECM mimetics allows cell type-specific transfection, whereas in spite of discordances in terms of optimal loading regimens, it is recognised that mechanical loading facilitates gene transfection. Finally, stiffer 2D substrates enhance DNA internalisation, whereas in 3D scaffolds, the role of stiffness is still dubious. CONCLUSION Although it is recognised that biomaterials allow the creation of tailored non-viral gene delivery systems, there still are many outstanding questions. A better characterisation of endocytic pathways would allow the diversion of cell adhesion processes and cytoskeletal dynamics, in order to increase cellular transfection. Further research on optimal biomaterial mechanical properties, cell ligand density and loading regimens is limited by the fact that such parameters influence a plethora of other different processes (e.g. cellular adhesion, spreading, migration, infiltration, and proliferation, DNA diffusion and release) which may in turn modulate gene delivery. Only a better understanding of these processes may allow the creation of novel robust engineered systems, potentially opening up a whole new area of biomaterial-guided gene delivery for non-viral systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Graceffa
- Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group (CHAT), Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Ln, Bellanode, Sligo, Ireland.
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Ln, Bellanode, Sligo, Ireland.
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Omata D, Negishi Y, Suzuki R, Oda Y, Endo-Takahashi Y, Maruyama K. Nonviral gene delivery systems by the combination of bubble liposomes and ultrasound. Adv Genet 2014; 89:25-48. [PMID: 25620007 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The combination of therapeutic ultrasound (US) and nano/microbubbles is an important system for establishing a novel and noninvasive gene delivery system. Genes are delivered more efficiently using this system compared with a conventional nonviral vector system such as the lipofection method, resulting in higher gene expression. This higher efficiency is due to the gene being delivered into the cytosol and bypassing the endocytosis pathway. Many in vivo studies have demonstrated US-mediated gene delivery with nano/microbubbles, and several gene therapy feasibility studies for various diseases have been reported. In addition, nano/microbubbles can deliver genes site specifically by the control of US exposure site. In the present review, we summarize the gene delivery systems by the combination of nano/microbubbles and US, describe their properties, and assess applications and challenges of US theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Omata
- Department of Drug and Gene Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Negishi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Drug and Gene Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oda
- Department of Drug and Gene Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Endo-Takahashi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Maruyama
- Department of Drug and Gene Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
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Fornaguera C, Grijalvo S, Galán M, Fuentes-Paniagua E, de la Mata FJ, Gómez R, Eritja R, Calderó G, Solans C. Novel non-viral gene delivery systems composed of carbosilane dendron functionalized nanoparticles prepared from nano-emulsions as non-viral carriers for antisense oligonucleotides. Int J Pharm 2014; 478:113-123. [PMID: 25448573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel and efficient delivery systems is often the limiting step in fields such as antisense therapies. In this context, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles have been obtained by a versatile and simple technology based on nano-emulsion templating and low-energy emulsification methods, performed in mild conditions, providing good size control. O/W polymeric nano-emulsions were prepared by the phase inversion composition method at 25°C using the aqueous solution/polysorbate80/[4 wt% PLGA in ethyl acetate] system. Nano-emulsions formed at oil-to-surfactant (O/S) ratios between 10/90-90/10 and aqueous contents above 70 wt%. Nano-emulsion with 90 wt% of aqueous solution and O/S ratio of 70/30 was chosen for further studies, since they showed the appropriate characteristics to be used as nanoparticle template: hydrodynamic radii lower than 50 nm and enough kinetic stability. Nanoparticles, prepared from nano-emulsions by solvent evaporation, showed spherical shape, sizes about 40 nm, negative surface charges and high stability. The as-prepared nanoparticles were functionalized with carbosilane cationic dendrons through a carbodiimide-mediated reaction achieving positively charged surfaces. Antisense oligonucleotides were electrostatically attached to nanoparticles surface to perform gene-silencing studies. These complexes were non-haemolytic and non-cytotoxic at the concentrations required. The ability of the complexes to impart cellular uptake was also promising. Therefore, these novel nanoparticulate complexes might be considered as potential non-viral carriers in antisense therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fornaguera
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Santiago Grijalvo
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Marta Galán
- CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Group of Dendrimers for Biomedical Applications, University of Alcalá (GDAB-UAH), Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Fuentes-Paniagua
- CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Group of Dendrimers for Biomedical Applications, University of Alcalá (GDAB-UAH), Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier de la Mata
- CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Group of Dendrimers for Biomedical Applications, University of Alcalá (GDAB-UAH), Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Group of Dendrimers for Biomedical Applications, University of Alcalá (GDAB-UAH), Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Eritja
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Gabriela Calderó
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Conxita Solans
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
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