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Marikawa Y, Alarcon VB. An active metabolite of the anti-COVID-19 drug molnupiravir impairs mouse preimplantation embryos at clinically relevant concentrations. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 121:108475. [PMID: 37748715 PMCID: PMC10671791 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Molnupiravir is a nucleoside analog antiviral that is authorized for use in the treatment of COVID-19. For its therapeutic action, molnupiravir is converted after ingestion to the active metabolite N4-hydroxycytidine, which is incorporated into the viral genome to cause lethal mutagenesis. Molnupiravir is not recommended for use during pregnancy, because preclinical animal studies suggest that it is hazardous to developing embryos. However, the mechanisms underlying the embryotoxicity of molnupiravir are currently unknown. To gain mechanistic insights into its embryotoxic action, the effects of molnupiravir and N4-hydroxycytidine were examined on the in vitro development of mouse preimplantation embryos. Molnupiravir did not prevent blastocyst formation even at concentrations that were much higher than the therapeutic plasma levels. By contrast, N4-hyroxycytidine exhibited potent toxicity, as it interfered with blastocyst formation and caused extensive cell death at concentrations below the therapeutic plasma levels. The adverse effects of N4-hydroxycytidine were dependent on the timing of exposure, such that treatment after the 8-cell stage, but not before it, caused embryotoxicity. Transcriptomic analysis of N4-hydroxycytidine-exposed embryos, together with the examination of eIF-2a protein phosphorylation level, suggested that N4-hydroxycytidine induced the integrated stress response. The adverse effects of N4-hydroxycytidine were significantly alleviated by the co-treatment with S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine, suggesting that the embryotoxic potential of N4-hydroxycytidine requires the activity of nucleoside transporters. These findings show that the active metabolite of molnupiravir impairs preimplantation development at clinically relevant concentrations, providing mechanistic foundation for further studies on the embryotoxic potential of molnupiravir and other related nucleoside antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Marikawa
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Vernadeth B Alarcon
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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2
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Mullen NJ, Thakur R, Shukla SK, Chaika NV, Kollala SS, Wang D, He C, Fujii Y, Sharma S, Mulder SE, Sykes DB, Singh PK. ENT1 blockade by CNX-774 overcomes resistance to DHODH inhibition in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2023; 552:215981. [PMID: 36341997 PMCID: PMC10305837 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), a key enzyme for de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, have failed in clinical trials for various cancers despite robust efficacy in preclinical animal models. To probe for druggable mediators of DHODH inhibitor resistance, we performed a combination screen with a small molecule library against pancreatic cancer cell lines that are highly resistant to the DHODH inhibitor brequinar (BQ). The screen revealed that CNX-774, a preclinical Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, sensitizes resistant cell lines to BQ. Mechanistic studies showed that this effect is independent of BTK and instead results from inhibition of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) by CNX-774. We show that ENT1 mediates BQ resistance by taking up extracellular uridine, which is salvaged to generate pyrimidine nucleotides in a DHODH-independent manner. In BQ-resistant cell lines, BQ monotherapy slowed proliferation and caused modest pyrimidine nucleotide depletion, whereas combination treatment with BQ and CNX-774 led to profound cell viability loss and pyrimidine starvation. We also identify N-acetylneuraminic acid accumulation as a potential marker of the therapeutic efficacy of DHODH inhibitors. In an aggressive, immunocompetent pancreatic cancer mouse model, combined targeting of DHODH and ENT1 dramatically suppressed tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival. Overall, our study defines CNX-774 as a previously uncharacterized ENT1 inhibitor and provides strong proof of concept support for dual targeting of DHODH and ENT1 in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Mullen
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ravi Thakur
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA
| | - Surendra K Shukla
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA
| | - Nina V Chaika
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Sai Sundeep Kollala
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Dezhen Wang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Chunbo He
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA
| | - Shikhar Sharma
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA
| | - Scott E Mulder
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - David B Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA; OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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3
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Ma R, Fang H, Liu H, Pan L, Wang H, Zhang H. Overexpression of uracil permease and nucleoside transporter from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens improves cytidine production in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1211-1219. [PMID: 33646457 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytidine is an important raw material for nucleic acid health food and genetic engineering research. In recent years, it has shown irreplaceable effects in anti-virus, anti-tumor, and AIDS drugs. Its biosynthetic pathway is complex and highly regulated. In this study, overexpression of uracil permease and a nucleoside transporter from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens related to cell membrane transport in Escherichia coli strain BG-08 was found to increase cytidine production in shake flask cultivation by 1.3-fold (0.91 ± 0.03 g/L) and 1.8-fold (1.26 ± 0.03 g/L) relative to that of the original strain (0.70 ± 0.03 g/L), respectively. Co-overexpression of uracil permease and a nucleoside transporter further increased cytidine yield by 2.7-fold (1.59 ± 0.05 g/L) compared with that of the original strain. These results indicate that the overexpressed uracil permease and nucleoside transporter can promote the accumulation of cytidine, and the two proteins play a synergistic role in the secretion of cytidine in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshuang Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Haitian Fang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Huiyan Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Lin Pan
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
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Boces-Pascual C, Mata-Ventosa A, Martín-Satué M, Boix L, Gironella M, Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S. OncomiRs miR-106a and miR-17 negatively regulate the nucleoside-derived drug transporter hCNT1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7505-7518. [PMID: 34647142 PMCID: PMC8629896 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High-affinity uptake of natural nucleosides as well as nucleoside derivatives used in anticancer therapies is mediated by human concentrative nucleoside transporters (hCNTs). hCNT1, the hCNT family member that specifically transports pyrimidines, is also a transceptor involved in tumor progression. In particular, oncogenesis appears to be associated with hCNT1 downregulation in some cancers, although the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we sought to address changes in colorectal and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-both of which are important digestive cancers-in the context of treatment with fluoropyrimidine derivatives. An analysis of cancer samples and matching non-tumoral adjacent tissues revealed downregulation of hCNT1 protein in both types of tumor. Further exploration of the putative regulation of hCNT1 by microRNAs (miRNAs), which are highly deregulated in these cancers, revealed a direct relationship between the oncomiRs miR-106a and miR-17 and the loss of hCNT1. Collectively, our findings provide the first demonstration that hCNT1 inhibition by these oncomiRs could contribute to chemoresistance to fluoropyrimidine-based treatments in colorectal and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Boces-Pascual
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD-CERCA), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Mata-Ventosa
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD-CERCA), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Martín-Satué
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Biomedical Research Institute of Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Oncobell Program, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Loreto Boix
- grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica (FCRB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Gironella
- grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.10403.36Gastrointestinal & Pancreatic Oncology Group, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona/Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD-CERCA), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD-CERCA), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sureechatchaiyan P, Hamacher A, Brockmann N, Stork B, Kassack MU. Adenosine enhances cisplatin sensitivity in human ovarian cancer cells. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:395-408. [PMID: 30078088 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic cancer due to lack of early effective diagnosis and development of resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. Several studies reported that adenosine concentrations are higher in tumor microenvironment than in non-tumor tissue. This finding inspired us to study the role of adenosine in ovarian cancer cells and to investigate if adenosine pathways offer new treatment options urgently needed to prevent or overcome chemoresistance. The ovarian cancer cell lines HEY, A2780, and its cisplatin-resistant subline A2780CisR were used in this study. Expression and functional activity of adenosine receptors were investigated by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and cAMP assay. A1 and A2B adenosine receptors were expressed and functionally active in all three cell lines. Adenosine showed moderate cytotoxicity (MTT-IC50 values were between 700 and 900 μM) and induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner by increasing levels of sub-G1 and cleaved PARP. Apoptosis was diminished by QVD-OPh, confirming caspase-dependent induction of apoptosis. Forty-eight hours pre-incubation of adenosine prior to cisplatin significantly enhanced cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in a synergistic manner and increased apoptosis. SLV320 or PSB603, selective A1 and A2B antagonists, was not able to inhibit adenosine-induced increase in cisplatin cytotoxicity or apoptosis whereas dipyridamole, a nucleoside transporter inhibitor, completely abrogated both effects. Mechanistically, adenosine increased pAMPK and reduced pS6K which was prevented by dipyridamole. In conclusion, application of adenosine prior to cisplatin could be a new therapeutic option to increase the potency of cisplatin in a synergistic manner and thus overcome platinum resistance in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichat Sureechatchaiyan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Building 26.23.02, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hamacher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Building 26.23.02, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Brockmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Building 26.23.02, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Bjoern Stork
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias U Kassack
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Building 26.23.02, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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6
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Alzahrani KJH, Ali JAM, Eze AA, Looi WL, Tagoe DNA, Creek DJ, Barrett MP, de Koning HP. Functional and genetic evidence that nucleoside transport is highly conserved in Leishmania species: Implications for pyrimidine-based chemotherapy. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2017; 7:206-226. [PMID: 28453984 PMCID: PMC5407577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania pyrimidine salvage is replete with opportunities for therapeutic intervention with enzyme inhibitors or antimetabolites. Their uptake into cells depends upon specific transporters; therefore it is essential to establish whether various Leishmania species possess similar pyrimidine transporters capable of drug uptake. Here, we report a comprehensive characterization of pyrimidine transport in L. major and L. mexicana. In both species, two transporters for uridine/adenosine were detected, one of which also transported uracil and the antimetabolites 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) and 5F,2'deoxyuridine (5F,2'dUrd), and was designated uridine-uracil transporter 1 (UUT1); the other transporter mediated uptake of adenosine, uridine, 5F,2'dUrd and thymidine and was designated Nucleoside Transporter 1 (NT1). To verify the reported L. donovani model of two NT1-like genes encoding uridine/adenosine transporters, and an NT2 gene encoding an inosine transporter, we cloned the corresponding L. major and L. mexicana genes, expressing each in T. brucei. Consistent with the L. donovani reports, the NT1-like genes of either species mediated the adenosine-sensitive uptake of [3H]-uridine but not of [3H]-inosine. Conversely, the NT2-like genes mediated uptake of [3H]-inosine but not [3H]-uridine. Among pyrimidine antimetabolites tested, 5-FU and 5F,2'dUrd were the most effective antileishmanials; resistance to both analogs was induced in L. major and L. mexicana. In each case it was found that the resistant cells had lost the transport capacity for the inducing drug. Metabolomics analysis found that the mechanism of action of 5-FU and 5F-2'dUrd was similar in both Leishmania species, with major changes in deoxynucleotide metabolism. We conclude that the pyrimidine salvage system is highly conserved in Leishmania species - essential information for the development of pyrimidine-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid J H Alzahrani
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juma A M Ali
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Al Jabal Al Gharbi University, Gharyan, Libya
| | - Anthonius A Eze
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Wan Limm Looi
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel N A Tagoe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J Creek
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Al-Ansari M, Craik JD. Decreased erythrocyte nucleoside transport and hENT1 transporter expression in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. BMC Hematol 2015; 15:17. [PMID: 26688730 PMCID: PMC4684917 DOI: 10.1186/s12878-015-0038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is associated with erythrocyte sensitivity to oxidative damage and hemolytic crises. In β-thalassemia major, where hemoglobin instability imposes oxidative stress, erythrocytes show reduced hENT1 nucleoside transporter expression and decreased nucleoside uptake. This study investigated hENT1 expression and nucleoside transport in G6PD-deficient erythrocytes to determine if decreased hENT1 activity might be a contributory feature in the variable pathology of this enzymopathy. METHODS Uptake of (3)H-uridine was measured at room temperature using an inhibitor-oil stop protocol and 5-s incubations. Erythrocyte membranes were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and nucleoside (hENT1), glucose (GLUT-1), and anion exchange (Band 3) transporter polypeptides quantitated on immunoblots. RESULTS In G6PD-deficient cells, uridine uptake (mean 8.18, 95 % CI 5.6-10.7 vs controls mean 12.35, 95 % CI 9.2-15.5, pmol uridine/gHb/min; P = 0.031) and expression of hENT1 (mean 50.4 %, 95 % CI 38.1-62.7 %, arbitrary units n = 11 vs controls mean 95.23 %, 95 % CI 88.38-102.1 % arbitrary units, n = 8; P < 0.001) were significantly lower; expression of GLUT-1 (mean 106.9 %, vs control mean 99.75 %; P = 0.308) and Band 3 polypeptides (mean 100.1 %, vs control mean 102.84 %; P = 0.329) were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Nucleoside transporter activity in human erythrocytes sustains intracellular purine nucleotide levels and assists in control of plasma adenosine levels; decreased hENT1 expression and activity in G6PD-deficiency could affect red metabolism and influence a wide spectrum of responses mediated by adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al-Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat, 13110 Kuwait
| | - James D. Craik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat, 13110 Kuwait
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8
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Venugopal B, Awada A, Evans TRJ, Dueland S, Hendlisz A, Rasch W, Hernes K, Hagen S, Aamdal S. A first-in-human phase I and pharmacokinetic study of CP-4126 (CO-101), a nucleoside analogue, in patients with advanced solid tumours. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 76:785-92. [PMID: 26289594 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CP-4126 (gemcitabine elaidate, previously CO-101) is a lipid-drug conjugate of gemcitabine designed to circumvent human equilibrative nucleoside transporter1-related resistance to gemcitabine. The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of CP-4126, and to describe its pharmacokinetic profile. METHODS Eligible patients with advanced refractory solid tumours, and adequate performance status, haematological, renal and hepatic function, were treated with one of escalating doses of CP-4126 administered by a 30-min intravenous infusion on days 1, 8 and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Blood and urine samples were collected to determine the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of CP-4126. RESULTS Forty-three patients, median age 59 years (range 18-76; male = 27, female = 16), received one of ten dose levels (30-1600 mg/m(2)). Dose-limiting toxicities included grade 3 anaemia, grade 3 fatigue and grade 3 elevation of transaminases. The MTD and RP2D were 1250 mg/m(2) on basis of the toxicity and PK data. CP-4126 followed dose-dependent kinetics and maximum plasma concentrations occurred at the end of CP-4126 infusion. Seven patients achieved stable disease sustained for ≥3 months, including two patients with pancreatic cancer who had progressed on or after gemcitabine exposure. CONCLUSIONS CP-4126 was well tolerated with comparable toxicity profile to gemcitabine. Future studies are required to determine its anti-tumour efficacy, either alone or in combination with other cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/adverse effects
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacokinetics
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Cohort Studies
- Deoxycytidine/administration & dosage
- Deoxycytidine/adverse effects
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/pharmacokinetics
- Deoxycytidine/therapeutic use
- Disease Progression
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Monitoring
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Drugs, Investigational/administration & dosage
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacokinetics
- Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use
- Female
- Half-Life
- Humans
- Male
- Metabolic Clearance Rate
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasms/blood
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- B Venugopal
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow, G12 0YN, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
| | - A Awada
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 121, Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - T R J Evans
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow, G12 0YN, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - S Dueland
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Hendlisz
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 121, Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Rasch
- Clavis Pharma ASA, Parkveien 53 B, 0256, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Hernes
- Clavis Pharma ASA, Parkveien 53 B, 0256, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Hagen
- Clavis Pharma ASA, Parkveien 53 B, 0256, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Aamdal
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Rehan S, Ashok Y, Nanekar R, Jaakola VP. Thermodynamics and kinetics of inhibitor binding to human equilibrative nucleoside transporter subtype-1. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:681-9. [PMID: 26428002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many nucleoside transport inhibitors are in clinical use as anti-cancer, vasodilator and cardioprotective drugs. However, little is known about the binding energetics of these inhibitors to nucleoside transporters (NTs) due to their low endogenous expression levels and difficulties in the biophysical characterization of purified protein with ligands. Here, we present kinetics and thermodynamic analyses of inhibitor binding to the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hENT1), also known as SLC29A1. Using a radioligand binding assay, we obtained equilibrium binding and kinetic rate constants of well-known NT inhibitors--[(3)H]nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside ([(3)H]NBMPR), dilazep, and dipyridamole--and the native permeant, adenosine, to hENT1. We observed that the equilibrium binding affinities for all inhibitors decreased whereas, the kinetic rate constants increased with increasing temperature. Furthermore, we found that binding is enthalpy driven and thus, an exothermic reaction, implying that the transporter does not discriminate between its inhibitors and substrates thermodynamically. This predominantly enthalpy-driven binding by four chemically distinct ligands suggests that the transporter may not tolerate diversity in the type of interactions that lead to high affinity binding. Consistent with this, the measured activation energy of [(3)H]NBMPR association was relatively large (20 kcal mol(-1)) suggesting a conformational change upon inhibitor binding. For all three inhibitors the enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) contributions to the reaction energetics were determined by van't Hoff analysis to be roughly similar (25-75% ΔG°). Gains in enthalpy with increasing polar surface area of inhibitors suggest that the binding is favored by electrostatic or polar interactions between the ligands and the transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Rehan
- Oulu Biocenter and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Yashwanth Ashok
- Oulu Biocenter and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Rahul Nanekar
- Oulu Biocenter and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Jaakola
- Oulu Biocenter and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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10
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Minami K, Shinsato Y, Yamamoto M, Takahashi H, Zhang S, Nishizawa Y, Tabata S, Ikeda R, Kawahara K, Tsujikawa K, Chijiiwa K, Yamada K, Akiyama SI, Pérez-Torras S, Pastor-Anglada M, Furukawa T, Yasuo T. Ribonucleotide reductase is an effective target to overcome gemcitabine resistance in gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells with dual resistant factors. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 127:319-25. [PMID: 25837929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is widely used for pancreatic, lung, and bladder cancer. However, drug resistance against gemcitabine is a large obstacle to effective chemotherapy. Nucleoside transporters, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic enzymes, and efflux transporters have been reported to be involved in gemcitabine resistance. Although most of the resistant factors are supposed to be related to each other, it is unclear how one factor can affect the other one. In this study, we established gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines. Gemcitabine resistance in these cells is caused by two major processes: a decrease in gemcitabine uptake and overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase large subunit (RRM1). Knockdown of RRM1, but not the overexpression of concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 (CNT1), could completely overcome the gemcitabine resistance. RRM1 knockdown in gemcitabine-resistant cells could increase the intracellular accumulation of gemcitabine by increasing the nucleoside transporter expression. Furthermore, a synergistic effect was observed between hydroxyurea, a ribonucleotide reductase (RR) inhibitor, and gemcitabine on the gemcitabine-resistant cells. Here we indicate that RR is one of the most promising targets to overcome gemcitabine resistance in gemcitabine-resistant cells with dual resistant factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Minami
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Shinsato
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Center for the Research of Advanced Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Masatatsu Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Center for the Research of Advanced Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Homare Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Department of Surgical Oncology and Regulation of Organ Function, Miyazaki University School of Medicine, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Shaoxuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Frontier Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yukihiko Nishizawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Sho Tabata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Mizukami 246-2, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kohich Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Center for the Research of Advanced Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0817, Japan
| | - Kazuo Chijiiwa
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Regulation of Organ Function, Miyazaki University School of Medicine, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Huis Ten Bosch Cho 2825-7, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Akiyama
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Clinical Research Center, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Notame, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine and Oncology Programme, National Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD) Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcal Pastor-Anglada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine and Oncology Programme, National Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD) Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tatsuhiko Furukawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Center for the Research of Advanced Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Takeda Yasuo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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11
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Hung SW, Marrache S, Cummins S, Bhutia YD, Mody H, Hooks SB, Dhar S, Govindarajan R. Defective hCNT1 transport contributes to gemcitabine chemoresistance in ovarian cancer subtypes: overcoming transport defects using a nanoparticle approach. Cancer Lett 2015; 359:233-40. [PMID: 25600708 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs are used as chemotherapeutic options for the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancers. Human concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hCNT1) is implicated in sensitizing solid tumors to nucleoside analogs although its role in determining drug efficacy in ovarian cancers remains unclear. Here we examined the functional expression of hCNT1 and compared its contributions toward gemcitabine efficacy in histological subtypes of ovarian cancer. Radioactivity analysis identified hCNT1-mediated (3)H-gemcitabine transport in ovarian cancer cells to be significantly reduced compared with that of normal ovarian surface epithelial cells. Biochemical and immunocytochemical analysis identified that unlike normal ovarian cells which expressed high levels of hCNT1 at the apical cell surface, the transporter was either diminished in expression and/or mislocalized in cell lines of various subtypes of ovarian cancer. Retroviral expression of hCNT1 selectively rescued gemcitabine transport in cell lines representing serous, teratocarcinoma, and endometrioid subtypes, but not clear cell carcinoma (CCC). In addition, exogenous hCNT1 predominantly accumulated in intracytoplasmic vesicles in CCC suggesting defective cellular trafficking of hCNT1 as a contributing factor to transport deficiency. Despite diminution of hCNT1 transport in the majority of ovarian cancers and apparent trafficking defects with CCC, the chemotherapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine was broadly enhanced in all subtypes when delivered via engineered nanoparticles (NPs). Additionally, by bypassing the transport requirement, the delivery of a gemcitabine-cisplatin combination in NP formulation increased their synergistic interactions. These findings uncover hCNT1 as a putative determinant for nucleoside analog chemoresistance in ovarian cancer and may help rationalize drug selection and delivery strategies for various histological subtypes of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sau Wai Hung
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sean Marrache
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shannon Cummins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yangzom D Bhutia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hardik Mody
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shelley B Hooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shanta Dhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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