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Kim HJ, Jeong S, Suh MJ, Oh YH. Association of balance impairment with risk of incident cardiovascular diseases among older adults. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:455. [PMID: 37875935 PMCID: PMC10594686 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid decline in balance is a hallmark of aging, elevating the risk of falls and other age-related geriatric illnesses among older adults. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess whether impairment in balance function is associated with the risk of incident CVD in older adults. DESIGN Retrospective cohort analysis. PARTICIPANTS A total of 129,024 participants who had undergone health screening between 2002 and 2009 were derived from the National Health Insurance Service-Senior cohort. MAIN MEASURES Balance impairment was evaluated using the open-eyes one-leg standing (OLS) test. The association between balance impairment and incident CVD was analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. All participants were followed up with until either the date of the first incident of CVD, death, or 31 December 2019. KEY RESULTS Those with abnormal balance function (< 10 s in OLS test) had a higher risk of CVD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.23, CI 1.16-1.31). The association was significant in both the obese and the non-obese, but it seemed to be more pronounced in the latter. Results were supported by sensitivity analyses that did not include cases of CVD development in the first 1, 2, or 3 years and that used a different criterion to define balance dysfunction (< 9 s in OLS test). CONCLUSIONS Older adults with balance impairment were found to have an increased risk of incident CVD. Patients with impaired balance function may be a high-risk population who require preventive managements against CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03082, South Korea
| | - Seogsong Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, South Korea
| | - Michelle J Suh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, 63241, South Korea.
| | - Yun Hwan Oh
- Department of Family Medicine, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Gwangmyeong, 14353, South Korea.
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Aramaki Y. Relationship between postural control and respiratory movement during one-leg standing in healthy males. J Phys Ther Sci 2023; 35:479-482. [PMID: 37266362 PMCID: PMC10231976 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.35.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between postural control and respiratory movements after identifying the characteristics of respiratory movements in different postural holding tasks. [Participants and Methods] The total trajectory length was measured using a stabilometer (G-620; Anima Company, Tokyo, Japan), while respiratory movements were measured using an expiratory gas analyzer (PowerMetz; Anima Company, Tokyo, Japan) during closed-leg and one-leg standing. Respiratory movements were characterized as tidal volume (TV), respiratory rate (RR), minute volume (MV), and metabolic equivalents (METs). [Results] The total trajectory length, METs, RR, and MV were higher in one-leg standing than in closed-leg standing. The rate of change in the total trajectory length during one-leg standing was positively correlated with the rate of change in TV and negatively correlated with RR. [Conclusion] The results suggest that postural control of one-leg stance holding is associated with changes in respiratory motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Aramaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sendai Seiyo Gakuin College:
4-3-55 Nagamachi, Taihakuku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi 982-0011, Japan
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Sung PS, Lee D, Hosmer E. The dynamic postural steadiness and stabilization time between older adults with and without recurrent low back pain. Gait Posture 2023; 100:114-119. [PMID: 36516645 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although postural control measures were reported to identify neuromuscular impairments, postural steadiness and stabilization time were not carefully investigated between subjects with and without recurrent low back pain (LBP). Research QuestionAre there group differences in the stabilization time, direction of sway, and dynamic postural steadiness index (DPSI) during one-leg standing? METHODS Thirty-four control subjects and 29 subjects with recurrent LBP participated in the study. Each subject stood upright on a single leg with and without visual input. The outcomes were measured for standing duration (sec), direction of sway, and the DPSI, which included the vertical steadiness index (VSI). The VSI assesses fluctuations to standardize the vertical ground reaction forces on the force plate. RESULTS The control group demonstrated significantly longer standing duration compared to the LBP group during the eyes-open condition (t = 3.55, p = 0.001). The LBP group demonstrated significantly faster stabilization time (t = 2.53, p = 0.01) in the sagittal plane. The DPSI demonstrated an excellent relationship with the VSI without visual input in the control group (r = 0.98, p = 0.001). The directions of sway demonstrated a significant interaction between groups (F = 9.29, p = 0.004). SIGNIFICANCE Although standing duration in the eyes-open condition decreased in the LBP group, a faster stabilization time in the sagittal plane was evident compared to the control group to adapt postural stability. These results indicated that vertical dynamic steadiness with visual input might be important to enhance compensatory postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Sung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Indiana Wesleyan University, 4201 South Washington Street, Marion, IN 46953, USA.
| | | | - Emily Hosmer
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
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Kinoshita T, Maruyama K, Yamamoto N, Saito I. The effects of dietary licorice flavonoid oil supplementation on body balance control in healthy middle-aged and older Japanese women undergoing a physical exercise intervention: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:3099-3108. [PMID: 32162239 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, the effects of licorice flavonoid oil (LFO) supplementation on mobility functions were evaluated in middle-aged and older women who underwent daily physical exercise. METHODS The 73 women aged 59-85 years (71.2 ± 5.2 years) were randomly assigned to the LFO group (n = 37) or the placebo group (n = 36). For 16 weeks, the LFO group consumed a daily capsule containing 300 mg of LFO, while the placebo group consumed a placebo capsule. All participants were instructed to complete a strength training program during the 16 weeks and to increase their daily step count by 1000. 10-m walking speed (with/no obstruction), one-leg standing time with eyes open, handgrip strength, isometric knee extension strength, and body composition were evaluated at baseline and every eight weeks. RESULTS In the 10-m walking speeds (with/no obstruction), LFO supplementation did not show significant improvements. One-leg standing time was significantly prolonged with LFO intake (LFO: baseline 73.9 s vs 16 weeks 93.5, placebo: baseline 82.8 vs 16 weeks 87.1, p = 0.03). In addition, a significant decrease in BMI and body fat percentage with LFO was found (p = 0.01, p = 0.03, respectively). DISCUSSION Since a lower BMI corresponds to a lighter physical load on the lower limb, in addition, since LFO might improve skeletal muscle function by antioxidant activity, participants could stand longer and body balance control was improved. CONCLUSION LFO supplementation improved body balance control and may contribute to fall prevention in healthy middle-aged and older women having daily physical exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN Clinical Trial Registry No. 000029712.
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Kumai K, Kumai M, Takada J, Oonuma J, Nakamura K, Meguro K. Decreased Time on the Nondominant One-Leg Standing Test Associated with Repeated Falls in Older Residents with Healthy Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia: The Wakuya Project. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2021; 11:122-128. [PMID: 34178016 PMCID: PMC8215974 DOI: 10.1159/000516360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study is to clarify the association between repeated falls and the dominant/nondominant side in the open-eyed one-leg standing (OLS) test among people who are healthy or have mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia in a community setting. We recruited 180 participants from 39 areas in the town of Wakuya. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Participants were classified into 3 Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) groups, i.e., CDR 0 (healthy, n = 71), CDR 0.5 (MCI, n = 85), and CDR 1+ (n = 23), and they were investigated for motor function (grip strength, 6-m normal gait speed, timed up and go test, and OLS test) and falls during the past year. Results Subjects with a CDR of 0.5 had higher rates of single and repeated falls (13.0 and 23.4%, respectively) than the CDR 0 group (12.1 and 4.5%, respectively), as did those in CDR 1+ group (15.0 and 30.0%). For the CDR 0.5 group, the frequency of falls was negatively (biologically meaningful direction) correlated with the left OLS time. No significant correlations with falls were found for other motor function tests. Another analysis separating the CDR 0.5 group into 2 subgroups (repeated falls vs. no or a single fall) also showed that the left OLS time was lower in subjects with repeated falls. Conclusion People with MCI who had fallen repeatedly in the year before the assessment had a significantly lower left OLS time compared to those who had not fallen or had had 1 fall with MCI. None of the other physical measures were associated with past repeat falls including OLS on the dominant right side. No such findings were noted in the CDR 0 and CDR 0+ groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kumai
- Geriatric Behavioral Neurology Project, Tohoku University New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika Kumai
- Cyclotron RI Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,The Friend Pharmacy, Osaki, Japan
| | - Junko Takada
- Geriatric Behavioral Neurology Project, Tohoku University New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jiro Oonuma
- Geriatric Behavioral Neurology Project, Tohoku University New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Nakamura
- Geriatric Behavioral Neurology Project, Tohoku University New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichi Meguro
- Geriatric Behavioral Neurology Project, Tohoku University New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Sendai, Japan.,Cyclotron RI Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Sung PS, Danial P, Lee DC. Reliability of the Kinematic Steadiness Index during one-leg standing in subjects with recurrent low back pain. Eur Spine J 2017; 27:171-179. [PMID: 28980075 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-017-5314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the reliability of standing time and the Kinematic Steadiness Index (KSI) in one-leg standing compared with the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test while considering anthropometric factors in subjects with recurrent low back pain (LBP). METHODS Sixty-six individuals participated in the study. The data were collected on two different days, 1 week apart. The KSI of the core spine, using video motion-capture techniques, was based on the relative standing time and relative standstill time. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1) was compared for the reliability between measures. The covariates, such as age, Body Mass Index, and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), were analyzed for any interactions based on these measures. RESULTS The standing time (t = - 1.01, p = 0.32) and the KSI (t = - 1.70, p = 0.09) were not significantly different between measures. The TUG results were not different between measures (t = 1.01, p = 0.32). The Cronbach's alpha for the standing time was 0.84, for KSI was 0.89, and for TUG was 0.76. The standing time and KSI demonstrated an interaction with age, while the TUG demonstrated an interaction with the ODI score. CONCLUSIONS The KSI during one-leg standing could help to develop a practical tool to justify quantity and quality of balance outcome measures, which identify balance deficits and core spine rehabilitation strategies in subjects with recurrent LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Sung
- Department of Physical Therapy/Motion Analysis Center, Herbert H. and Grace A. Dow College of Health Professions, Central Michigan University, Health Professions Building 1220, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.
| | - Pamela Danial
- Department of Physical Therapy/Motion Analysis Center, Herbert H. and Grace A. Dow College of Health Professions, Central Michigan University, Health Professions Building 1220, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Dongchul C Lee
- Theoretical Research in Nevro Corp., Redwood City, CA, USA
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Abstract
Although subjects with recurrent low back pain (LBP) demonstrate altered trunk control, the kinematic and kinetic responses of the trunk have not been carefully investigated. This study was conducted to compare the standing time, spine range of motion (ROM), and dynamic postural steadiness index (DPSI) based on visual condition between subjects with and without recurrent LBP during upright one leg standing. Sixty-three individuals participated in the study, including 34 control subjects and 29 subjects with recurrent LBP. The DPSI was a composite of the medio-lateral (MLSI), anterior-posterior (APSI), and vertical steadiness indices (VSI) on a force platform. The control group demonstrated longer standing time (s) during the eyes-open condition than the LBP group (26.82±6.03 vs. 19.87±9.36; t=2.96, p=0.01). Regarding spine ROM, visual condition was significantly different between groups (F=7.09, p=0.01) and demonstrated interactions with spine region and group (F=5.53, p=0.02). For the kinetic measures, there was a significant interaction between visual conditions and indices (F=25.30, p=0.001). In the LBP group, the DPSI was significantly correlated with the MLSI (r=0.59, p=0.002), APSI (r=0.44, p=0.03), and VSI (r=0.98, p=0.01) in the eyes-closed condition. Overall, the results of this study indicated that the LBP group decreased thorax and lumbar spine rotations during the eyes-closed condition. The LBP group also demonstrated positive correlations with the kinetic indices, enhancing dynamic postural steadiness in the eyes-closed condition in order to possibly avoid pain or further injury. This dynamic postural steadiness strategy is necessary to improve kinetic and kinematic chain reactions in the LBP group. This compensatory pattern supports the development of optimal postural correction strategies to prevent LBP recurrence and might represent a chain reaction to protect trunk control without visual input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Sung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Central Michigan University, United States.
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Cha JH, Kim JJ, Ye JG, Lee SJ, Hong JM, Choi HK, Choi HS, Shin WS. Static balance according to hip joint angle of unsupported leg during one-leg standing. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:931-935. [PMID: 28603375 PMCID: PMC5462702 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to determine static balance according to hip joint angle of
the unsupported leg during one-leg standing. [Subjects and Methods] Subjects included 45
healthy adult males and females in their 20s. During one-leg standing on the non-dominant
leg, the position of the unsupported leg was classified according to hip joint angles of
point angle was class. Static balance was then measured using a force plate with eyes open
and closed. The total length, sway velocity, maximum deviation, and velocity on the
mediolateral and anteroposterior axes of center of pressure were measured. [Results] In
balance assessment with eyes open, there were significant differences between groups
according to hip joint angle, except for maximum deviation on the anteroposterior axis. In
balance assessment with eyes closed, there were significant differences between total
length measurements at 0° and 30°, 60° and between 30° and 90°. There were significant
differences between sway velocity measurements at 0° and 30° and between 30° and 90°.
[Conclusion] Thus, there were differences in static balance according to hip joint angle.
It is necessary to clearly identify the hip joint angle during one-leg standing
testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyung Cha
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Medical Science, Daejeon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Joon Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Medical Science, Daejeon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gwan Ye
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Medical Science, Daejeon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Ji Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Medical Science, Daejeon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Mi Hong
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Medical Science, Daejeon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Choi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Daejeon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Suk Choi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Medical Science, Daejeon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seob Shin
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Medical Science, Daejeon University, Republic of Korea
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Harato K, Kobayashi S, Kojima I, Sakurai A, Tanikawa H, Niki Y. Factors affecting one-leg standing time in patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis and the age-related recovery process following total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg Res 2017; 12:21. [PMID: 28143557 PMCID: PMC5286675 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-017-0522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aims of the present study were to investigate the factors affecting one-leg standing (OLS) time in patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis (OA) and to clarify the age-related recovery process following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the early postoperative period. Methods A total of 80 knees of 40 patients with knee OA were enrolled. They were asked to perform relaxed standing on one leg for as long as possible. First, OLS time was measured. Second, age, body mass index, knee flexion angle during (KFA) OLS, femorotibial angle (FTA) during OLS, and a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain were evaluated. Multiple regression analysis was done to identify the factors affecting OLS time. In addition, the recovery process was compared between older and younger patients after TKA. Results A larger KFA during OLS, older age, and larger FTA were significantly associated with shorter OLS time. After TKA, postoperative OLS time in older patients did not improve significantly by postoperative day 20, while the time in younger patients improved significantly from postoperative day 19. Conclusions Even if subjective knee pain and KFA during OLS improved, longer rehabilitation was required to improve OLS time in older patients in the early postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Harato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Kawasaki Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadouri, Kawasakiku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, 210-0013, Japan. .,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare, Mita Hospital, 1-4-3 Mita, Minatoku, 108-8329, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Iwao Kojima
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kawasaki Municipal Kawasaki Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadouri, Kawasakiku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, 210-0013, Japan
| | - Aiko Sakurai
- Department of Physical Therapy, International University of Health and Welfare, Mita Hospital, 1-4-3 Mita, Minatoku, 108-8329, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tanikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Kawasaki Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadouri, Kawasakiku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, 210-0013, Japan
| | - Yasuo Niki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the joint space width between one-leg and both-legs standing radiographs in order to diagnose a primary osteoarthritis of the knee. Methods Digital radiographs of 100 medial osteoarthritic knees in 50 patients were performed. The patients had undergone one-leg standing anteroposterior (AP) views by standing on the affected leg while a both-legs standing AP view was undertaken while standing on both legs. The severity of the osteoarthritis was evaluated using the joint space width and Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) radiographic classification. The t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results The mean medial joint space width found in the one-leg and in the both-legs standing view were measured at 1.8 mm and 2.4 mm, respectively (p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.7). 33%, 47.4% and 23.1% of the knees diagnosed with a KL grade of I, II and III in the both-legs standing views were changed to KL grade II, III and IV in the one-leg standing views, respectively. No changes for KL IV osteoarthritis diagnoses have been found between both- and one-leg standing views. Conclusions One-leg standing radiographs better represent joint space width than both-legs standing radiographs. 32% of both-legs standing radiographs have changed the KL grading to a more severe grade than that in the one-leg standing radiographs. Cite this article: P. Pinsornsak, K. Naratrikun, S. Kanitnate, T. Sangkomkamhang. The one-leg standing radiograph: An improved technique to evaluate the severity
of knee osteoarthritis. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:436–441. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.59.BJR-2016-0049.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pinsornsak
- Department of Orthopaedics, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - K Naratrikun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - S Kanitnate
- Department of Orthopaedics, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Lee JE, Park GH, Lee YS, Kim MK. A Comparison of Muscle Activities in the Lower Extremity between Flat and Normal Feet during One-leg Standing. J Phys Ther Sci 2013; 25:1059-61. [PMID: 24259915 PMCID: PMC3818779 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.25.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study examined the differences in muscle activation between flat and
normal feet in the one-leg standing position which delivers the greatest load to the lower
extremity. [Subjects] This study was conducted with 23 adults, 12 with normal feet and 12
with flat feet, with ages ranging from 21 to 30 years old, who had no neurological history
or gait problems. [Methods] The leg used for one leg standing was the dominant leg of the
subjects. The experimenter instructed the subjects to raise the non-dominant leg with
their eyes open, and the subjects maintained a posture with the non-dominant leg's knee
flexed at 90° and the hip joint flexed at 45° for six seconds. In the position of one-leg
standing, a horizontal rod was set at the height of the waist line of the subjects who
lightly placed two fingers of each hand on the rod to prevent inclination of the trunk to
one side. Measurements were taken three times and the maximum value was used. A surface
electromyogram (TeleMyo 2400T, Noraxon Co., USA) was used to measure muscle activities.
[Results] We compared muscle activities between flat and normal foot, and the results show
a significant difference between normal and flat feet in the muscle activity of the
abductor hallucis muscle. [Conclusion] The subjects with flat feet had relatively lower
activation of the abductor hallucis muscle than those with normal feet during one leg
standing. We infer from this that the abductor hallucis muscle of flat foot doesn't work
as well as a dynamic stabilizer, compared to a normal foot, during one leg standing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Eun Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Youngsan University
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