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Kim HT, Kim JS. Complete chloroplast genome of Austral king fern Todea barbara (L.) Moore ( Osmundaceae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:799-803. [PMID: 37545552 PMCID: PMC10399469 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2238938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined the chloroplast genome sequence of the Austral king fern, Todea barbara (L.) Moore. The plastome of T. barbara is a typical circular form composed of 144,208 bp with two inverted repeats (IRs; 10,442 bp), a large single copy (LSC; 101,059 bp), and a small single copy (SSC; 22,265 bp). The complete sequence comprises 131 genes, namely 85 protein-coding genes, eight ribosomal RNAs, and 38 transfer RNAs. The guanine-cytosine (GC) content of the genome was found to be 39.9%. Additionally, U-to-C RNA editing sites were identified in eight genes: atpE, chlB, clpP, matK, rpl20, rpoB, rpoC1, and rpoC2. Phylogenetic analysis using 85 coding gene sequences revealed that the genera Todea and Osmunda form a clade and that the genus Osmundastrum is a sister genus to both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Tae Kim
- Department of Ecological and Environmental System, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Kyungpook, South Korea
| | - Jung Sung Kim
- Department of Forest Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
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Walker Z, Rothwell GW, Stockey RA. Fossil evidence for sporeling development of a Mesozoic osmundaceous fern. Am J Bot 2023; 110:e16210. [PMID: 37534408 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE An anatomically preserved fossil fern sporeling has been discovered in a Lower Cretaceous marine concretion from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, providing an opportunity to characterize rhizome growth from an extinct species. METHODS The specimen was studied from serial transverse sections prepared by the cellulose acetate peel technique. RESULTS The rhizome ranges from ~0.7 to 1.1 mm in diameter, has a sclerenchymatous pith, a stele that attains a dictyoxylic architecture, and sclerenchymatous outer cortex, features that are characteristic of osmundaceous rhizomes. Cauline xylem forms a medullated protostele or solenostele at some levels, but is dissected into discrete xylem bundles at others. Fronds diverge in a helical phyllotaxis, range up to 1.1 mm in greatest dimension, and have a C-shaped trace and outer cortex of sclerotic cells. Inside the sclerenchyma of the petioles are two lateral sclerotic strands and a sclerotic bundle adaxial to the trace. Together, these characters reveal the occurrence of a new species, Todea minutacaulis and provide evidence for developmental changes that occur in the rhizome as the sporeling increased in size. CONCLUSIONS Small size of the specimen, medullated protostelic-dictyoxylic solenostelar vascular architecture, and incompletely sclerified cells apically reveal that osmundaceous sporeling development has remained constant since at least the Early Cretaceous. Together with Todea tidwellii and Osmunda vancouverensis that also are present in the Apple Bay flora, this sporeling documents the occurrence of a multispecies assemblage of osmundaceous ferns and demonstrates that the genus Todea was diversifying rapidly by the Early Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Walker
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Cordley Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Gar W Rothwell
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Cordley Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Ruth A Stockey
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Cordley Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Bippus AC, Escapa IH, Wilf P, Tomescu AMF. Fossil fern rhizomes as a model system for exploring epiphyte community structure across geologic time: evidence from Patagonia. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8244. [PMID: 31844594 PMCID: PMC6911690 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In extant ecosystems, complex networks of ecological interactions between organisms can be readily studied. In contrast, understanding of such interactions in ecosystems of the geologic past is incomplete. Specifically, in past terrestrial ecosystems we know comparatively little about plant biotic interactions besides saprotrophy, herbivory, mycorrhizal associations, and oviposition. Due to taphonomic biases, epiphyte communities are particularly rare in the plant-fossil record, despite their prominence in modern ecosystems. Accordingly, little is known about how terrestrial epiphyte communities have changed across geologic time. Here, we describe a tiny in situ fossil epiphyte community that sheds light on plant-animal and plant-plant interactions more than 50 million years ago. Methods A single silicified Todea (Osmundaceae) rhizome from a new locality of the early Eocene (ca. 52 Ma) Tufolitas Laguna del Hunco (Patagonia, Argentina) was studied in serial thin sections using light microscopy. The community of organisms colonizing the tissues of the rhizome was characterized by identifying the organisms and mapping and quantifying their distribution. A 200 × 200 µm grid was superimposed onto the rhizome cross section, and the colonizers present at each node of the grid were tallied. Results Preserved in situ, this community offers a rare window onto aspects of ancient ecosystems usually lost to time and taphonomic processes. The community is surprisingly diverse and includes the first fossilized leafy liverworts in South America, also marking the only fossil record of leafy bryophyte epiphytes outside of amber deposits; as well as several types of fungal hyphae and spores; microsclerotia with possible affinities in several ascomycete families; and evidence for oribatid mites. Discussion The community associated with the Patagonian rhizome enriches our understanding of terrestrial epiphyte communities in the distant past and adds to a growing body of literature on osmundaceous rhizomes as important hosts for component communities in ancient ecosystems, just as they are today. Because osmundaceous rhizomes represent an ecological niche that has remained virtually unchanged over time and space and are abundant in the fossil record, they provide a paleoecological model system that could be used to explore epiphyte community structure through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Bippus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Ignacio H Escapa
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Argentina
| | - Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Alexandru M F Tomescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, United States of America
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Bomfleur B, Grimm GW, McLoughlin S. The fossil Osmundales (Royal Ferns)-a phylogenetic network analysis, revised taxonomy, and evolutionary classification of anatomically preserved trunks and rhizomes. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3433. [PMID: 28713650 PMCID: PMC5508817 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Osmundales (Royal Fern order) originated in the late Paleozoic and is the most ancient surviving lineage of leptosporangiate ferns. In contrast to its low diversity today (less than 20 species in six genera), it has the richest fossil record of any extant group of ferns. The structurally preserved trunks and rhizomes alone are referable to more than 100 fossil species that are classified in up to 20 genera, four subfamilies, and two families. This diverse fossil record constitutes an exceptional source of information on the evolutionary history of the group from the Permian to the present. However, inconsistent terminology, varying formats of description, and the general lack of a uniform taxonomic concept renders this wealth of information poorly accessible. To this end, we provide a comprehensive review of the diversity of structural features of osmundalean axes under a standardized, descriptive terminology. A novel morphological character matrix with 45 anatomical characters scored for 15 extant species and for 114 fossil operational units (species or specimens) is analysed using networks in order to establish systematic relationships among fossil and extant Osmundales rooted in axis anatomy. The results lead us to propose an evolutionary classification for fossil Osmundales and a revised, standardized taxonomy for all taxa down to the rank of (sub)genus. We introduce several nomenclatural novelties: (1) a new subfamily Itopsidemoideae (Guaireaceae) is established to contain Itopsidema, Donwelliacaulis, and Tiania; (2) the thamnopteroid genera Zalesskya, Iegosigopteris, and Petcheropteris are all considered synonymous with Thamnopteris; (3) 12 species of Millerocaulis and Ashicaulis are assigned to modern genera (tribe Osmundeae); (4) the hitherto enigmatic Aurealcaulis is identified as an extinct subgenus of Plenasium; and (5) the poorly known Osmundites tuhajkulensis is assigned to Millerocaulis. In addition, we consider Millerocaulis stipabonettiorum a possible member of Palaeosmunda and Millerocaulis estipularis as probably constituting the earliest representative of the (Todea-)Leptopteris lineage (subtribe Todeinae) of modern Osmundoideae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bomfleur
- Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guido W. Grimm
- Department für Paläontologie, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
- Orléans, France
| | - Stephen McLoughlin
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
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Renner SS, Grimm GW, Kapli P, Denk T. Species relationships and divergence times in beeches: new insights from the inclusion of 53 young and old fossils in a birth-death clock model. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150135. [PMID: 27325832 PMCID: PMC4920336 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fossilized birth-death (FBD) model can make use of information contained in multiple fossils representing the same clade, and we here apply this model to infer divergence times in beeches (genus Fagus), using 53 fossils and nuclear sequences for all nine species. We also apply FBD dating to the fern clade Osmundaceae, with about 12 living species and 36 fossils. Fagus nuclear sequences cannot be aligned with those of other Fagaceae, and we therefore use Bayes factors to choose among alternative root positions. The crown group of Fagus is dated to 53 (62-43) Ma; divergence of the sole American species to 44 (51-39) Ma and divergence between Central European F. sylvatica and Eastern Mediterranean F. orientalis to 8.7 (20-1.8) Ma, unexpectedly old. The FBD model can accommodate fossils as sampled ancestors or as extinct or unobserved lineages; however, this makes its raw output, which shows all fossils on short or long branches, problematic to interpret. We use hand-drawn depictions and a bipartition network to illustrate the uncertain placements of fossils. Inferred speciation and extinction rates imply approximately 5× higher evolutionary turnover in Fagus than in Osmundaceae, fitting a hypothesized low turnover in plants adapted to low-nutrient conditions.This article is part of the themed issue 'Dating species divergences using rocks and clocks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich, Menzinger Street 67, 80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Guido W Grimm
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paschalia Kapli
- The Exelixis Lab, Scientific Computing Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 68159 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Denk
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Svante Arrhenius Väg 9, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
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Schneider H, Liu H, Clark J, Hidalgo O, Pellicer J, Zhang S, Kelly LJ, Fay MF, Leitch IJ. Are the genomes of royal ferns really frozen in time? Evidence for coinciding genome stability and limited evolvability in the royal ferns. New Phytol 2015; 207:10-13. [PMID: 25655176 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Schneider
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairylake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518004, P. R. China
| | - James Clark
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Oriane Hidalgo
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW8 3DS, UK
| | - Jaume Pellicer
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW8 3DS, UK
| | - Shouzhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairylake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518004, P. R. China
| | - Laura J Kelly
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Michael F Fay
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW8 3DS, UK
| | - Ilia J Leitch
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW8 3DS, UK
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Carvalho MR, Wilf P, Hermsen EJ, Gandolfo MA, Cúneo NR, Johnson KR. First record of Todea ( Osmundaceae) in South America, from the early Eocene paleorainforests of Laguna del Hunco (Patagonia, Argentina). Am J Bot 2013; 100:1831-1848. [PMID: 24018858 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The early Eocene Laguna del Hunco caldera-lake paleoflora (ca. 52 Ma) from Chubut Province, Argentina, is notably diverse and includes many conifer and angiosperm lineages that are extinct in South America but extant in Australasian rainforests. No ferns have been previously described from Laguna del Hunco. We describe and interpret a new species of fossil Osmundaceae based on fertile and sterile pinnae. • METHODS The fossil specimens were compared with other extant and fossil Osmundaceae based on living and herbarium material and published descriptions. A morphological matrix based on 29 characters was constructed for 17 living species in Osmundaceae, four species assigned to the fossil genus Todites, and the new fossil species. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted under parsimony using morphology and total evidence matrices. • KEY RESULTS Both the new fossil and the Todites species were consistently resolved within the leptopteroid clade of Osmundaceae, and the new species resolved in a clade with the two living Todea species, which are now restricted to Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, and southern Africa. • CONCLUSIONS Todea amissa sp. nov. is the first record of Todea, living or fossil, in South America and only the second fossil record worldwide. The distribution of extant Todea on Gondwanan continents other than South America is broadly shared with other taxa from Laguna del Hunco, further indicating that a large component of this flora represents a Gondwanic biome that is no longer found on the South American continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica R Carvalho
- L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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