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Mottok A. [Microenvironment in classical Hodgkin lymphoma]. Pathologe 2020; 41:254-260. [PMID: 32239325 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-020-00774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is histologically characterized by a quantitatively dominating immune cell infiltrate. Its composition differs depending on the histological subtype and EBV (Epstein-Barr-Virus) status. Current pathogenic concepts postulate that the malignant cells, the so-called Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, act as master recruiters, thereby actively shaping the microenvironment to support their proliferation and outgrowth. This view on the pathogenesis of cHL is further solidified by genetic studies, which have identified important mechanisms by which the HRS cells are enabled to escape immune surveillance. Besides an insufficient antigen presentation mediated by mutations and structural chromosomal changes in key components or regulators of major histocompatibility class I and II molecules, copy number gains of the 9p24.1 genomic locus encompassing JAK2 and the ligands of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), PD-L1 and PD-L2, play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease as the engagement of those ligands with their cognate receptor leads to suppression of the immune response. Of importance, the reversibility of this inhibitory receptor-ligand interaction is key to the clinical success that checkpoint inhibitors had and continue to have in cHL patients, especially in the relapse setting. In addition, comprehensive assessment of microenvironment composition, integration with results from genetic studies, and correlation with clinical outcomes have led to the development of prognostic models, which may assist in an improved risk stratification, informed selection of treatment regimens, and therefore better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Mottok
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Deutschland.
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Zhansaya A, Kanatbek M, Kanat T, Bakhytkali I, Darkhan K, Arman K, Pavel T, Kasym M, Yerlan R. Recombinant Expression and Purification of Extracellular Domain of the Programmed Cell Death Protein Receptor. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 8:347-357. [PMID: 32582792 PMCID: PMC7275830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), which is a member of the CD28 receptor family, can negatively regulate antitumor immune responses by interacting with its ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2. The PD-1-PD-L1 signaling pathway is a checkpoint mechanism that plays essential roles in downregulating immune responses in cancerous tissues. Thus, blocking this signaling pathway leads to enhanced antitumor immunity, potentially preventing tumor progression. METHODS We synthesized the extracellular domain of the PD-1 receptor (rPD-1) de novo by using a two-step polymerase chain reaction and the Phusion® DNA polymerase. The synthesized gene was cloned into the pET28 expression plasmid and transformed into competent Escherichia coli. Purification of rPD-1 was performed by metal-affinity chromatography, using a HisTrap column. Purified rPD-1 was characterized by western blotting and mass spectrometry using the SwissProt database and the Mascot program. RESULTS Designed and synthesized construct of rPD-1 was 500 bp in size. Analysis of the electrophoresis data of purified rPD-1 showed the presence of a protein with a molecular mass of 21 kDa. Mass spectrometry data using the SwissProt database and the Mascot program outputted the highest-scoring sequence to correspond to rPD-1. CONCLUSION Synthesized de novo rPD-1 may have potential therapeutic applications in enhancing antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adish Zhansaya
- National Center for Biotechnology, Kurgalzhyn road, 13/5, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
- L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Satpayev st., 2, Astana, 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Mukantayev Kanatbek
- National Center for Biotechnology, Kurgalzhyn road, 13/5, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Tursunov Kanat
- National Center for Biotechnology, Kurgalzhyn road, 13/5, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Ingirbay Bakhytkali
- National Center for Biotechnology, Kurgalzhyn road, 13/5, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Kanayev Darkhan
- National Center for Biotechnology, Kurgalzhyn road, 13/5, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Kulyyassov Arman
- National Center for Biotechnology, Kurgalzhyn road, 13/5, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Tarlykov Pavel
- National Center for Biotechnology, Kurgalzhyn road, 13/5, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Mukanov Kasym
- National Center for Biotechnology, Kurgalzhyn road, 13/5, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Ramankulov Yerlan
- National Center for Biotechnology, Kurgalzhyn road, 13/5, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
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Seifert HA, Gerstner G, Kent G, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Estrogen-induced compensatory mechanisms protect IL-10-deficient mice from developing EAE. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:195. [PMID: 31665042 PMCID: PMC6821034 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background IL-10 knockout (KO) mice are protected from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with low-dose estrogen (E2) treatment similar to wild-type (WT) mice. Previous studies have demonstrated a decrease in tumor necrosis factor in all E2-treated groups, which led to the protection of the mice. Methods This study used IL-10 KO mice and WT mice treated either with E2 or sham pellets 7 days prior to induction of EAE. Mice were observed for 21 days post-immunization. The spleen, inguinal lymph nodes, and brain were evaluated by flow cytometry. Spinal cords were evaluated using a cytokine/chemokine array, RT-PCR, and histology. Results This study demonstrates that E2 treatment induced three heightened regulatory mechanisms that potentially protect IL-10 KO mice from EAE: (1) an increase in programmed death-ligands 1 and 2 on monocytes and macrophages in the periphery and within the CNS; (2) an increase in CD73 in the inflamed CNS, which can increase the production of the anti-inflammatory molecule adenosine; and (3) a decrease in CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in the spleen. Together, these factors comprise an alternative compensatory mechanism that significantly downregulates key pro-inflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and chemokine receptor genes which are enhanced in the spinal cord of IL-10 KO mice. This group of E2-treated mice remained asymptomatic after EAE challenge similar to E2-treated WT mice, despite their having more T and B lymphocytes in the brain, and modestly increased demyelination in the spinal cord. Conclusion These results indicate that previously unrecognized compensatory mechanisms of EAE protection are stimulated by E2 in the absence of IL-10, which can provide disease protection comparable to the IL-10-dependent effects induced by E2 in WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Seifert
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Grant Gerstner
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Gail Kent
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Boichard A, Tsigelny IF, Kurzrock R. High expression of PD-1 ligands is associated with kataegis mutational signature and APOBEC3 alterations. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1284719. [PMID: 28405512 PMCID: PMC5384346 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1284719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors, such as antibodies blocking the programmed cell-death receptor-1 (PD-1), has resulted in remarkable responses in patients having traditionally refractory cancers. Although response to PD-1 inhibitors correlates with PD-1 ligand (PD-L1 or PD-L2) expression, PD-1 ligand positivity represents only a part of the predictive model necessary for selecting patients predisposed to respond to immunotherapy. We used all genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and phenotypic data related to 8,475 pan-cancer samples available in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and conducted a logistic regression analysis based on a large set of variables, such as microsatellite instability (MSI-H), mismatch repair (MMR) alterations, polymerase δ (POLD1) and polymerase ε (POLE) mutations, activation-induced/apolipoprotein-B editing cytidine deaminases (AID/APOBEC) alterations, lymphocyte markers and mutation burden estimates to determine independent factors that associate with PD-1 ligand overexpression. PD-1 ligand overexpression was independently and significantly correlated with overexpression of and mutations in APOBEC3 paralogs. Additionally, while high tumor mutation burden and overexpression of PD-L1 have been previously correlated with each other, we demonstrate that the specific mutation pattern caused by APOBEC enzymes and called kataegis—rather than overall mutation burden, MSI-H or MMR alterations—correlates independently with PD-L1/PD-L2 expression. These observations suggest that APOBEC3 alterations, APOBEC3 overexpression and kataegis play an important role in the regulation of PD-1 ligand overexpression, and thus, their relationship with immune checkpoint inhibitor response warrants exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Boichard
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Igor F Tsigelny
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA; San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; CureMatch Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center , La Jolla, CA, USA
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Abstract
Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments limit the efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapy. We have recently demonstrated that the inhibition of BRAFV600E with vemurafenib relieves interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced T-cell suppression as mediated by melanoma tumor associated fibroblasts (TAFs). These results suggest that inhibitors of the MAPK pathway in combination with T cell-based immunotherapies may induce long-lasting and durable responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahan S Khalili
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology; The Center for Cancer Immunology Research; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
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