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Bauer EM, Cecchetti D, Guerriero E, Nisticò S, Germinario G, Sennato S, Gontrani L, Tagliatesta P, Carbone M. Laser vs. thermal treatments of green pigment PG36: coincidence and toxicity of processes. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2367-2383. [PMID: 33948695 PMCID: PMC8241676 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Comparative laser and thermal treatments were carried out on PG36, a green phthalocyanine-based pigment, permitted in European countries where legislation on tattoo composition was issued. Prior to the treatments, PG36 was characterized by SEM imaging, EDX, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopies, revealing an excess of Si and C and O as compared to the pure halogenated Cu-phthalocyanine. Laser treatments were carried out with a Nd:YAG device applied to H2O and propan-2-ol dispersions. Pyrolysis and calcinations were carried out in air or under N2 flow. The outcome of the different procedures was analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, GC-mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction of the solid residues, SEM microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The comparative analysis indicated the production of different fragment compounds depending on the treatment, (pyrolysis or laser), and, to some extent, to the solvent of the dispersion, with pyrolysis generating a larger number of hazardous compounds. Hydrocarbons and cyclic siloxanes present as additives in PG36 were stable or degraded depending on the treatment. The morphology of the products is also treatment-dependent with nanoparticles < 20 nm and fibers being produced upon laser treatments only. Based on the experimental findings, the equivalence of laser and thermal treatments is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Maria Bauer
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Structure of Matter (CNR-ISM), Via Salaria km 29.3, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Daniele Cecchetti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Guerriero
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Steven Nisticò
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giulia Germinario
- Department of Pure and Applied Science, University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Simona Sennato
- Institute of Complex Systems, National Research Council (CNR-ISC), Sapienza Unit, and Physics Department, Sapienza University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gontrani
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Tagliatesta
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena Carbone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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