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Kan YY, Chang YS, Liao WC, Chao TN, Hsieh YL. Roles of Neuronal Protein Kinase Cε on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagic Formation in Diabetic Neuropathy. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2481-2495. [PMID: 37906389 PMCID: PMC11043183 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In chronic diabetic neuropathy (DN), the cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain remain unclear. Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) is an intracellular signaling molecule that mediates chronic pain. This paper addresses the long-term upregulated PKCε in DN associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagic formation and correlates to chronic neuropathic pain. We found that thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia course development were associated with PKCε upregulation after DN but not skin denervation. Pathologically, PKCε upregulation was associated with the expression of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α; ER stress-related molecule) and ubiquitin D (UBD), which are involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-mediated degradation of misfolded proteins under ER stress. Manders coefficient analyses revealed an approximately 50% colocalized ratio for IRE1α(+):PKCε(+) neurons (0.34-0.48 for M1 and 0.40-0.58 for M2 Manders coefficients). The colocalized coefficients of UBD/PKCε increased (M1: 0.33 ± 0.03 vs. 0.77 ± 0.04, p < 0.001; M2: 0.29 ± 0.05 vs. 0.78 ± 0.04; p < 0.001) in the acute DN stage. In addition, the regulatory subunit p85 of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, which is involved in regulating insulin signaling, exhibited similar expression patterns to those of IRE1α and UBD; for example, it had highly colocalized ratios to PKCε. The ultrastructural examination further confirmed that autophagic formation was associated with PKCε upregulation. Furthermore, PKCεv1-2, a PKCε specific inhibitor, reverses neuropathic pain, ER stress, and autophagic formation in DN. This finding suggests PKCε plays an upstream molecule in DN-associated neuropathic pain and neuropathology and could provide a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yu Kan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shuang Chang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ning Chao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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Testini C, Smith RO, Jin Y, Martinsson P, Sun Y, Hedlund M, Sáinz-Jaspeado M, Shibuya M, Hellström M, Claesson-Welsh L. Myc-dependent endothelial proliferation is controlled by phosphotyrosine 1212 in VEGF receptor-2. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47845. [PMID: 31545012 PMCID: PMC6832004 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated signaling by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A and its receptor, VEGFR2, in pathologies results in poor vessel function. Still, pharmacological suppression of VEGFA/VEGFR2 may aggravate disease. Delineating VEGFR2 signaling in vivo provides strategies for suppression of specific VEGFR2‐induced pathways. Three VEGFR2 tyrosine residues (Y949, Y1212, and Y1173) induce downstream signaling. Here, we show that knock‐in of phenylalanine to create VEGFR2 Y1212F in C57Bl/6 and FVB mouse strains leads to loss of growth factor receptor‐bound protein 2‐ and phosphoinositide 3′‐kinase (PI3K)p85 signaling. C57Bl/6 Vegfr2Y1212F/Y1212F show reduced embryonic endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and partial lethality. FVB Vegfr2Y1212F/Y1212F show reduced postnatal EC proliferation. Reduced EC proliferation in Vegfr2Y1212F/Y1212F explants is rescued by c‐Myc overexpression. We conclude that VEGFR2 Y1212 signaling induces activation of extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and Akt pathways required for c‐Myc‐dependent gene regulation, endothelial proliferation, and vessel stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Testini
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ross O Smith
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Martinsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Hedlund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miguel Sáinz-Jaspeado
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Masabumi Shibuya
- Institute of Physiology and Medicine, Jobu University, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mats Hellström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Martini V, Frezzato F, Severin F, Raggi F, Trimarco V, Martinello L, Molfetta R, Visentin A, Facco M, Semenzato G, Paolini R, Trentin L. Abnormal regulation of BCR signalling by c-Cbl in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32219-32231. [PMID: 30181811 PMCID: PMC6114956 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of molecules involved in signal transduction pathways are connected to Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis and a critical role has been already ascribed to B-Cell Receptor (BCR)-Lyn axis. E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl, working together with adapter protein CIN85, controls the degradation of protein kinases involved in BCR signaling. To investigate cell homeostasis in CLL, we studied c-Cbl since in normal B cells it is involved in the ubiquitin-dependent Lyn degradation and in the down-regulation of BCR signaling. We found that c-Cbl is overexpressed and not ubiquitinated after BCR engagement. We observed that c-Cbl did not associate to CIN85 in CLL with respect to normal B cells at steady state, nor following BCR engagement. c-Cbl association to Lyn was not detectable in CLL after BCR stimulation, as it happens in normal B cells. In some CLL patients, c-Cbl is constitutively phosphorylated at Y731 and in the same subjects, it associated to regulatory subunit p85 of PI3K. Moreover, c-Cbl is constitutive associated to Cortactin in those CLL patients presenting Cortactin overexpression and bad prognosis. These results support the hypothesis that c-Cbl, rather than E3 ligase activity, could have an adaptor function in turn influencing cell homeostasis in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Martini
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Frezzato
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Severin
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padua, Italy
| | - Flavia Raggi
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Trimarco
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padua, Italy
| | - Leonardo Martinello
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padua, Italy
| | - Rosa Molfetta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Visentin
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padua, Italy
| | - Monica Facco
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padua, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padua, Italy
| | - Rossella Paolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padua, Italy
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