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Maskrey DK, Killen SS, Sneddon LU, Arnold KE, Wolfenden DCC, Thomson JS. Differential metabolic responses in bold and shy sea anemones during a simulated heatwave. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb244662. [PMID: 38235786 PMCID: PMC10912810 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
As climate change-induced heatwaves become more common, phenotypic plasticity at multiple levels is a key mitigation strategy by which organisms can optimise selective outcomes. In ectotherms, changes to both metabolism and behaviour can help alleviate thermal stress. Nonetheless, no study in any ectotherm has yet empirically investigated how changing temperatures affect among-individual differences in the associations between these traits. Using the beadlet anemone (Actinia equina), an intertidal species from a thermally heterogeneous environment, we investigated how individual metabolic rates, linked to morphotypic differences in A. equina, and boldness were related across changing temperatures. A crossed-over design and a temporal control were used to test the same individuals at a non-stressful temperature, 13°C, and under a simulated heatwave at 21°C. At each temperature, short-term repeated measurements of routine metabolic rate (RMR) and a single measurement of a repeatable boldness-related behaviour, immersion response time (IRT), were made. Individual differences, but not morphotypic differences, were highly predictive of metabolic plasticity, and the plasticity of RMR was associated with IRT. At 13°C, shy animals had the highest metabolic rates, while at 21°C, this relationship was reversed. Individuals that were bold at 13°C also exhibited the highest metabolic rates at 21°C. Additional metabolic challenges during heatwaves could be detrimental to fitness in bold individuals. Equally, lower metabolic rates at non-stressful temperatures could be necessary for optimal survival as heatwaves become more common. These results provide novel insight into the relationship between metabolic and behavioural plasticity, and its adaptive implications in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Maskrey
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, Nicholson Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lynne U. Sneddon
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kathryn E. Arnold
- Department of Environment and Geography, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - David C. C. Wolfenden
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jack S. Thomson
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, Nicholson Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
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Wang J, Sun Y. Effect of Wuhan's anti-COVID-19 lockdown on its pace of life and metaphorical temporal perspective. Cult Brain 2022; 10:38-48. [PMID: 36588658 PMCID: PMC9794103 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-022-00113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pace of life, as an indispensable aspect of microscopic culture, has been largely ignored by the academia for a long time. This study proposes that the emergent outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan put people there into a fight against time, leading to a speeding up of their pace of life. This might have affected their temporal perspective, regardless of the macroscopic regulation of Chinese culture. To this end, we designed an online questionnaire to gather data about Wuhan people's pace of life and temporal perspective, both during its lockdown and seven months after the lockdown. The results showed that people in while-lockdown Wuhan displayed a much faster pace of life and also a much higher tendency to choose the Moving Time perspective than people in Wuhan seven months after the lockdown. This suggests that the pace of life is not only regulated by specific culture macroscopically, but also by certain pressing events microscopically, and one's temporal perspective is affected by the changed pace of life. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40167-022-00113-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wang
- grid.443638.e0000 0004 1799 200XSchool of English Teacher Education, Xi’an International Studies University, Wenyuan Road South No. 1, Xi’an, 710028 Shannxi Province China
| | - Yi Sun
- grid.440718.e0000 0001 2301 6433Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Baiyun Street North No. 2, Guangzhou, China
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Melnikov VR, Krzhizhanovskaya VV, Lees MH, Sloot PMA. The impact of pace of life on pedestrian heat stress: A computational modelling approach. Environ Res 2020; 186:109397. [PMID: 32315824 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Elevated walking speed is an indicator of increased pace of life in cities, caused by environmental pressures inherent to urban environments, which lead to short- and long-term consequences for health and well-being. In this paper we investigate the effect of walking speed on heat stress. We define the heat-stress-optimal walking speed and estimate its values for a wide range of air temperatures with the use of computational modelling of metabolic heat production and thermal regulation. The heat-stress-optimal walking speed shows three distinct phases in relation to air temperature, determined by different modes of interaction between the environment and physiology. Simulation results suggest that different temperature regimes require walking speed adaptation to preserve heat balance. Empirical data collected for Singapore reveals elevated average walking speed, which is not responsive to slight changes in microclimate (4-5 °C). The proposed computational model predicts the amount of additional heat produced by an individual due to the high pace of life. We conclude that there are direct implications of the high pace of life in cities on the immediate heat stress of people, and we show how a lower walking speed significantly reduces self-overheating and improves thermal comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin R Melnikov
- Complexity Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore.
| | - Valeria V Krzhizhanovskaya
- Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090, GH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Michael H Lees
- Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090, GH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Peter M A Sloot
- Complexity Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Advanced Study, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Turek F, Almoosawi S, Woods S, Kanoski S, Gwin J. Session 2 Discussion: Clocks, Hormones and the Environment. Physiol Behav 2018; 193:232-233. [PMID: 29782870 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND While we have made gains in understanding cultures in hospitals and their effects on outcomes of care, little work has investigated how the pace of work in hospitals is associated with staff satisfaction and patient outcomes. In an era of efficiency, as speed accelerates, this requires examination. DISCUSSION Older studies of pace in cities found that faster lifestyles were linked to increased coronary heart disease and smoking rates, yet better subjective well-being. In this debate we propose the Goldilocks hypothesis: acute care workplaces operating at slow speeds are associated with factors such as increased wait lists, poor performance and costly care; those that are too fast risk staff exhaustion, burnout, missed care and patient dissatisfaction. We hypothesise that hospitals are best positioned by being in the Goldilocks zone, the sweet spot of optimal pace. CONCLUSION Testing this hypothesis requires a careful study of hospitals, comparing their pace in wards and departments with measures of performance and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Braithwaite
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Level 6, 75 Talavera Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Louise A. Ellis
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Level 6, 75 Talavera Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Kate Churruca
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Level 6, 75 Talavera Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Janet C. Long
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Level 6, 75 Talavera Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
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Tieleman BI. Understanding immune function as a pace of life trait requires environmental context. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018; 72:55. [PMID: 29563662 PMCID: PMC5843675 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a brief historical perspective on the integration of physiology into the concept of the pace of life of birds, evaluates the fit of immune function into this framework, and asks what it will take to fruitfully understand immune functioning of birds in pace of life studies in the future. In the late 1970s, physiology started to seriously enter avian life history ecology, with energy as the main currency of interest, inspired by David Lack's work in the preceding decades emphasizing how food availability explained life history variation. In an effort to understand the trade-off between survival and reproduction, and specifically the mortality costs associated with hard work, in the 1980s and 1990s, other physiological phenomena entered the realm of animal ecologists, including endocrinology, oxidative stress, and immunology. Reviewing studies thus far to evaluate the role of immune function in a life history context and particularly to address the questions whether immune function (1) consistently varies with life history variation among free-living bird species and (2) mediates life history trade-offs in experiments with free-living bird species; I conclude that, unlike energy metabolism, the immune system does not closely covary with life history among species nor mediates the classical trade-offs within individuals. Instead, I propose that understanding the tremendous immunological variation uncovered among free-living birds over the past 25 years requires a paradigm shift. The paradigm should shift from viewing immune function as a costly trait involved in life history trade-offs to explicitly including the benefits of the immune system and placing it firmly in an environmental and ecological context. A first step forward will be to quantify the immunobiotic pressures presented by diverse environmental circumstances that both shape and challenge the immune system of free-living animals. Current developments in the fields of infectious wildlife diseases and host-microbe interactions provide promising steps in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Irene Tieleman
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
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