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Liu X, Chu Z, Chen B, Ma Y, Xu L, Qian H, Yu Y. Cancer cell membrane-coated upconversion nanoparticles/Zn xMn 1-xS core-shell nanoparticles for targeted photodynamic and chemodynamic therapy of pancreatic cancer. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100765. [PMID: 37636984 PMCID: PMC10457453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is promising treatment approach for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which is typically insensitive to conventional chemotherapy. In this study, BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cell membrane-coated upconversion nanoparticles/ZnxMn1-xS core-shell nanoparticles (abbreviated as BUC@ZMS) were developed for tumor-targeted cancer therapy via synergistically oxidative stress and overcoming glutathione (GSH) overexpression. Using a combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT), the BUC@ZMS core-shell nanoparticles were able to elicit the death of pancreatic cancer cells through the high production of ROS. Additionally, the BUC@ZMS core-shell nanoparticles could deplete intracellular GSH and increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to oxidative stress. The in vivo results indicated that BUC@ZMS nanoparticles can accumulate specifically in tumor locations and suppress PDAC without generating obvious toxicity. Thus, it was determined that the as-prepared core-shell nanoparticles would be a viable treatment option for solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Lu'an Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, The Lu'an People's Hospital, Lu'an, Anhui, 237000, PR China
| | - Zhaoyou Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, PR China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Benjin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, PR China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Lingling Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Haisheng Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Yue Yu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, PR China
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Visani M, Acquaviva G, De Leo A, Sanza V, Merlo L, Maloberti T, Brandes AA, Franceschi E, Di Battista M, Masetti M, Jovine E, Fiorino S, Pession A, Tallini G, de Biase D. Molecular alterations in pancreatic tumors. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2710-2726. [PMID: 34135550 PMCID: PMC8173386 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i21.2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations in pancreatic tumors can usually be classified in: (1) Mutational activation of oncogenes; (2) Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes; and (3) Inactivation of genome maintenance genes controlling the repair of DNA damage. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration has improved pre-operative diagnosis, but the management of patients with a pancreatic lesion is still challenging. Molecular testing could help mainly in solving these “inconclusive” specimens. The introduction of multi-gene analysis approaches, such as next-generation sequencing, has provided a lot of useful information on the molecular characterization of pancreatic tumors. Different types of pancreatic tumors (e.g., pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, solid pseudopapillary tumors) are characterized by specific molecular alterations. The aim of this review is to summarize the main molecular alterations found in pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Visani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna–Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Giorgia Acquaviva
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna–Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Antonio De Leo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna–Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- Division of Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Viviana Sanza
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna–Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Lidia Merlo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna–Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Thais Maloberti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna–Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Alba A Brandes
- Medical Oncology Department, Azienda USL/IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna 40139, Italy
| | - Enrico Franceschi
- Medical Oncology Department, Azienda USL/IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna 40139, Italy
| | - Monica Di Battista
- Medical Oncology Department, Azienda USL/IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna 40139, Italy
| | - Michele Masetti
- Division of Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40133, Italy
| | - Elio Jovine
- Division of Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40133, Italy
| | - Sirio Fiorino
- Internal Medicine Unit, Budrio Hospital Azienda USL, Bologna 40133, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pession
- Division of Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tallini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna–Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- Division of Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Division of Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
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Chen Y, Su L, Huang C, Wu S, Qiu X, Zhao X, Meng Q, Meng YM, Kong X, Wang M, Liu C, Wong PP. Galactosyltransferase B4GALT1 confers chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas by upregulating N-linked glycosylation of CDK11 p110. Cancer Lett 2021; 500:228-243. [PMID: 33309857 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation in pancreatic cancer has been linked to cancer development, progression and chemoresistance. However, the role of glycogene, such as galactosyltransferase, in pancreatic cancer remains unknown. Herein, we establish beta-1.4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4GALT1) as a clinical marker and regulator of chemoresistance. Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. Mechanistically, we show that elevated p65 activity transcriptionally up-regulates B4GALT1 expression, which then interacts with and stabilizes cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein via N-linked glycosylation, in order to promote cancer progression and chemoresistance. Finally, depletion of B4GALT1 rescues the response of chemoresistant cells to gemcitabine in an orthotopic PDAC model. Overall, our data uncovers a mechanism by which p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signalling axis determines cancer progression and chemoresistance, providing a new therapeutic target for an improved pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Liangping Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Sangqing Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaoyi Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xinbao Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qiong Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ya-Ming Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiangzhan Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Ping-Pui Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Wen J, Chen J, Liu D, Xu X, Fan M, Zhang Z. The Eighth Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Distant Metastases Stage Classification for Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Might Be Feasible for Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:364-376. [PMID: 31357196 DOI: 10.1159/000502382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant modifications have been made to the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) distant metastases (M) stage classification for metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs). We aimed to validate this revised classification among metastatic PanNET patients using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. We further sought to evaluate the feasibility of applying this classification to metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (PanNEC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients. METHODS Stage IV pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (PanNEN, including G1/G2 PanNET and G3 PanNEC classified according to the World Health Organization [WHO] 2010 grading scheme) and PDAC patients with metastatic disease diagnosed between 2010 and 2015 were identified and restaged according to the revised M stage classification for PanNET. Overall survival (OS) was compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test. Uni- and multivariate Cox regression models were utilized to identify prognostic factors. RESULTS A total of 1,371 stage IV PanNEN and 634 PDAC patients were included. Among PanNEN patients, liver (75.0%) was the most common metastatic site, followed by distant lymph nodes (8.5%), lung (8.4%), bone (7.3%), and brain (1.0%). The 5-year OS for PanNET patients with M1a, M1b, and M1c stage was 44.15, 53.32, and 19.70%, respectively. However, survival comparison showed no significant difference between M1a and M1b stages among PanNET patients. Similar findings were noted after applying this classification to PanNEC patients. Multivariate analysis showed that the age at diagnosis and the number of distant metastatic sites were independent prognostic factors for metastatic PanNEN patients. Interestingly, excellent survival discrimination by M stage among stage IV PDAC patients was noted (M1a vs. M1b vs. M1c, 5-year OS: 5.42, 2.46, and 0%, respectively). CONCLUSION Our study is the first large sample-based validation of the AJCC 8th M stage classification for PanNET. The revised classification did not effectively stratify metastatic PanNEN patients. However, further study is warranted to validate this classification for PanNET patients according to the WHO 2017 classification. Interestingly, the revised M stage classification might be feasible for PDAC patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmiao Wen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyan Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China,
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhou X, Wang X, Duan J, Sun W, Chen Z, Li Q, Ou Z, Jiang G, Ren X, Liu S. HBXIP protein overexpression predicts the poor prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:343-346. [PMID: 30583814 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus X-interacting protein (HBXIP) is associated with a variety of tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological significance of HBXIP expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and to explore its potential as a biomarker for PDAC. METHODS Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed on 126 PDAC tissues, 36 paraneoplastic tissues and 22 normal pancreatic tissues. The relationship between high levels of HBXIP expression and pathological features of PDAC patients was evaluated by chi-squared values. RESULTS The positive rate of HBXIP protein in PDAC tissues was 85.7% (108/126), which was significantly higher than that of adjacent pancreatic tissue (41.7%, 15/36) and normal pancreas (18.2%, 4/22). In addition, strong positive expression of HBXIP was associated with tumor size, positive lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and 80-month overall survival. Patient's age, gender, degree of differentiation, Ki-67 expression index, and calcification were, however, not associated with high levels of HBXIP expression. CONCLUSIONS We present association between HBXIP expression and the pathological features of patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhi Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China; Department of Biology, Life Science and Technology College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuanyu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiahong Duan
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenxin Sun
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiulan Li
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
| | - Zitong Ou
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
| | - Ge Jiang
- Department of Biology, Life Science and Technology College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Ren
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China.
| | - Shuangping Liu
- Department of clinical laboratory, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116021, China; Department of Pathology, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China.
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Kim M, Jang KM, Kim JH, Jeong WK, Kim SH, Kang TW, Kim YK, Cha DI, Kim K. Differentiation of mass-forming focal pancreatitis from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: value of characterizing dynamic enhancement patterns on contrast-enhanced MR images by adding signal intensity color mapping. Eur Radiol 2016; 27:1722-1732. [PMID: 27510628 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the value of dynamic enhancement patterns on contrast-enhanced MR images by adding signal intensity colour mapping (SICM) to differentiate mass-forming focal pancreatitis (MFFP) from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS Forty-one clinicopathologically proven MFFPs and 144 surgically confirmed PDACs were enrolled. Laboratory and MR imaging parameters were used to differentiate MFFP from PDAC. In particular, enhancement patterns on MR images adding SICM were evaluated. By using classification tree analysis (CTA), we determined the predictors for the differentiation of MFFP from PDAC. RESULTS In the CTA, with all parameters except enhancement pattern on SICM images, ductal obstruction grade and T1 hypointensity grade of the pancreatic lesion were the first and second splitting predictor for differentiation of MFFP from PDAC, in order. By adding an enhancement pattern on the SICM images to CTA, the enhancement pattern was the only splitting predictor to differentiate MFFP from PDAC. The CTA model including enhancement pattern on SICM images has sensitivity of 78.0 %, specificity of 99.3 %, and accuracy of 94.6 % for differentiating MFFP from PDAC. CONCLUSION The characterization of enhancement pattern for pancreatic lesions on contrast-enhanced MR images adding SICM would be helpful to differentiate MFFP from PDAC. KEY POINTS • SICM was useful to characterize enhancement pattern. • Enhancement pattern on SICM was the only splitting predictor on CTA. • This model may be useful for differentiating MFFP from PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Kim
- Department of Radiology, Hanyang Medical Center, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Jang
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-Dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea.
| | - Jae-Hun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyoung Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wook Kang
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kon Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ik Cha
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunga Kim
- Biostatics and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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