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Kim Y, Kim B, Seong MW, Lee DS, Hong KT, Kang HJ, Yun J, Chang YH. Cryptic KMT2A/MLLT10 fusion detected by next-generation sequencing in a case of pediatric acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Cancer Genet 2023; 276-277:36-39. [PMID: 37478796 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
KMT2A (11q23.3) gene rearrangements are found in acute leukemia and are associated with a poor or intermediate prognosis. MLLT10 is the fourth most common gene fusion partner for KMT2A. A reciprocal translocation t(10;11) is insufficient to produce an in-frame KMT2A/MLLT10 fusion, because the genes involved in the rearrangement have opposite transcriptional orientations. In order to bring KMT2A and MLLT10 into juxtaposition, complex rearrangements are required. Until now, conventional chromosome, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies have been used to detect KMT2A/MLLT10 fusions. However, conventional studies have limitations, such as poor and inconsistent resolution, when compared to next-generation sequencing (NGS). In this study, we report a pediatric patient with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, in whom the cryptic KMT2A/MLLT10 fusion was not detected by KMT2A break-apart probe FISH and chromosome analysis, but detected by NGS. In this patient, NGS showed cryptic insertion of MLLT10 exons 9-24 into intron 9 of KMT2A, resulting in a KMT2A/MLLT10 fusion. Therefore, NGS is a valuable complementary option for the evaluation of structural aberrations, especially those with a cryptic size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeseul Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Woo Seong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Taek Hong
- Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Jin Kang
- Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 102, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon Hwan Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Ersayoğlu İ, Yazıcı Özkaya P, Metin H, Hekimci H, Zararcı K, Yılmaz Karapınar D, Karapınar B. A rare complication of leukostasis with AML M4 patient: Microcirculatory dysfunction of upper extremities. Transfus Apher Sci 2023; 62:103717. [PMID: 37173209 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2023.103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children with acute myeloid leukemia, the incidence of hyperleukocytosis is 5-33%. Patients with AML and hyperleukocytosis have a higher early mortality rate than patients with nonhyperleukocytic AML because of the increased risk of severe pulmonary and neurologic complications. Leukapheresis provides rapid cytoreduction and reduces early mortality rates. CASE PRESENTATION In this report, we present a case with microcirculatory failure of upper extremities as a rare symptom of hyperleukocytic AML M4 at initial presentation. CONCLUSIONS Early diagnosis and treatment of patients with AML admitted to emergency services with these symptoms is too important to prevent from loss of extremities. Most of the complications of hyperleukocytosis can be reversible with early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- İrem Ersayoğlu
- Ege University Medical School, Children's Hospital Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Yazıcı Özkaya
- Ege University Medical School, Children's Hospital Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Hamdi Metin
- Ege University Medical School, Children's Hospital Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Hamiyet Hekimci
- Ege University Medical School, Children's Hospital Pediatric Hematology, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Kazım Zararcı
- Ege University Medical School, Children's Hospital Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, İzmir, Turkey.
| | | | - Bülent Karapınar
- Ege University Medical School, Children's Hospital Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, İzmir, Turkey.
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3
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Shiba N. Comprehensive molecular understanding of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2023; 117:173-181. [PMID: 36653696 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-023-03533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease with various genetic abnormalities. Recent advances in genetic analysis have enabled the identification of causative genes in > 90% of pediatric AML cases. Fusion genes such as RUNX1::RUNX1T1, CBFB::MYH11, and KMT2A::MLLT3 are frequently detected in > 70% of pediatric AML cases, whereas FLT3-internal tandem duplication, CEBPA-bZip, and NPM1 mutations are detected in approximately 5-15% of cases, respectively. Conversely, mutations in DNMT3A, TET2, and IDH, which are common in adults, are extremely rare in pediatric AML. The genetic characteristics of pediatric AML are slightly different from those of adult AML. For accurate risk stratification and treatment intensity, genome analysis should be performed in a simple, fast, and inexpensive manner and the results should be returned to patients in real time. As with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the presence or absence of minimal residual disease is an important factor in determining the success of treatment against AML, and it is important to predict prognosis and formulate treatment strategies considering the genetic abnormalities. For the development and clinical application of new molecularly targeted therapies based on identified genetic abnormalities, it is necessary to explore when and in which combinations drugs will be most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Shiba
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
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4
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Thakral D, Singh VK, Gupta R, Jha N, Khan A, Kaur G, Rai S, Kumar V, Supriya M, Bakhshi S, Seth R. Integrated single-cell transcriptome analysis of CD34 + enriched leukemic stem cells revealed intra- and inter-patient transcriptional heterogeneity in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Hematol 2023; 102:73-87. [PMID: 36527458 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-022-05021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To gain insights into the idiosyncrasies of CD34 + enriched leukemic stem cells, we investigated the nature and extent of transcriptional heterogeneity by single-cell sequencing in pediatric AML. Whole transcriptome analysis of 28,029 AML single cells was performed using the nanowell cartridge-based barcoding technology. Integrated transcriptional analysis identified unique leukemic stem cell clusters of each patient and intra-patient heterogeneity was revealed by multiple LSC-enriched clusters differing in their cell cycle processes and BCL2 expression. All LSC-enriched clusters exhibited gene expression profile of dormancy and self-renewal. Upregulation of genes involved in non-coding RNA processing and ribonucleoprotein assembly were observed in LSC-enriched clusters relative to HSC. The genes involved in regulation of apoptotic processes, response to cytokine stimulus, and negative regulation of transcription were upregulated in LSC-enriched clusters as compared to the blasts. Validation of top altered genes in LSC-enriched clusters confirmed upregulation of TCF7L2, JUP, ARHGAP25, LPAR6, and PRDX1 genes, and serine/threonine kinases (STK24, STK26). Upregulation of LPAR6 showed trend towards MRD positive status (Odds ratio = 0.126; 95% CI = 0.0144-1.10; p = 0.067) and increased expression of STK26 significantly correlated with higher RFS (HR = 0.231; 95% CI = 0.0506-1.052; p = 0.04). Our findings addressed the inter- and intra-patient diversity within AML LSC and potential signaling and chemoresistance-associated targets that warrant investigation in larger cohort that may guide precision medicine in the near future.
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Zhang C, Deng Q, Bao S, Zhu J. Anisomycin is active in preclinical models of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia via specifically inhibiting mitochondrial respiration. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2021; 53:693-701. [PMID: 34468904 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-021-09918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The poor outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) necessitate new treatments. In this work, we identified that anisomycin is a potential selective anti-AML candidate, particularly for those with FLT3-ITD mutation. We found that anisomycin potently inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in multiple AML cell lines. Anisomycin was effective in targeting progenitor cells isolated from all tested pediatric AML patients, while sparing normal counterparts. Using AML xenograft mouse models, anisomycin exhibited inhibitory effect on tumor growth throughout the whole duration without causing toxicity in mice. The combination of anisomycin with standard of care drugs is synergistic and selective in AML cell culture system and mouse model. In addition, FLT3-ITD cells were more sensitive to anisomycin than FLT3 WT cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that anisomycin acted on AML in a p38-independent manner. We found that anisomycin decreased mitochondrial respiration by disrupting complex I activity, leading to intracellular oxidative stress. AML ρ0 cells that lack of mitochondrial respiration exhibited resistance to anisomycin. Finally, we showed that mitochondrial biogenesis contributes to differential sensitivity of FLT3-ITD and FLT3 WT cells to anisomycin. Our work is the first to systematically demonstrate that anisomycin is a useful addition to the treatment armamentarium for AML. Our findings highlight the therapeutic value of mitochondrial respiration inhibition in AML patients harboring FLT3-ITD mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, No.15 Jiefang Road, Fancheng District, Xiangyang, 441000, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, No.15 Jiefang Road, Fancheng District, Xiangyang, 441000, Hubei, China
| | - Shiwei Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, No.15 Jiefang Road, Fancheng District, Xiangyang, 441000, Hubei, China.
| | - Juanjuan Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, No.15 Jiefang Road, Fancheng District, Xiangyang, 441000, Hubei, China.
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6
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Narayanan P, Man TK, Gerbing RB, Ries R, Stevens AM, Wang YC, Long X, Gamis AS, Cooper T, Meshinchi S, Alonzo TA, Redell MS. Aberrantly low STAT3 and STAT5 responses are associated with poor outcome and an inflammatory gene expression signature in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:2141-2154. [PMID: 33948920 PMCID: PMC8390401 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02621-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The relapse rate for children with acute myeloid leukemia is nearly 40% despite aggressive chemotherapy and often stem cell transplant. We sought to understand how environment-induced signaling responses are associated with clinical response to treatment. We previously reported that patients whose AML cells showed low G-CSF-induced STAT3 activation had inferior event-free survival compared to patients with stronger STAT3 responses. Here, we expanded the paradigm to evaluate multiple signaling parameters induced by a more physiological stimulus. We measured STAT3, STAT5 and ERK1/2 responses to G-CSF and to stromal cell-conditioned medium for 113 patients enrolled on COG trials AAML03P1 and AAML0531. Low inducible STAT3 activity was independently associated with inferior event-free survival in multivariate analyses. For inducible STAT5 activity, those with the lowest and highest responses had inferior event-free survival, compared to patients with intermediate STAT5 responses. Using existing RNA-sequencing data, we compared gene expression profiles for patients with low inducible STAT3/5 activation with those for patients with higher inducible STAT3/5 signaling. Genes encoding hematopoietic factors and mitochondrial respiratory chain subunits were overexpressed in the low STAT3/5 response groups, implicating inflammatory and metabolic pathways as potential mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance. We validated the prognostic relevance of individual genes from the low STAT3/5 response signature in a large independent cohort of pediatric AML patients. These findings provide novel insights into interactions between AML cells and the microenvironment that are associated with treatment failure and could be targeted for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Narayanan
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - T-K Man
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R B Gerbing
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - R Ries
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A M Stevens
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y-C Wang
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - X Long
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A S Gamis
- Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas, MO, USA
| | - T Cooper
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Meshinchi
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T A Alonzo
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Division of Biostatistics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M S Redell
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Gómez García LM, Escudero A, Mestre C, Fuster Soler JL, Martínez AP, Vagace Valero JM, Vela M, Ruz B, Navarro A, Fernández L, Fernández A, Leivas A, Martínez-López J, Ferreras C, De Paz R, Blanquer M, Galán V, González B, Corral D, Sisinni L, Mirones I, Balas A, Vicario JL, Valle P, Borobia AM, Pérez-Martínez A. Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Infusing Haploidentical K562-mb15-41BBL-Activated and Expanded Natural Killer Cells as Consolidation Therapy for Pediatric Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2021; 21:328-337.e1. [PMID: 33610500 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for approximately 20% of pediatric leukemia cases; 30% of these patients experience relapse. The antileukemia properties of natural killer (NK) cells and their safety profile have been reported in AML therapy. We proposed a phase 2, open, prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized clinical trial for the adoptive infusion of haploidentical K562-mb15-41BBL-activated and expanded NK (NKAE) cells as a consolidation strategy for children with favorable and intermediate risk AML in first complete remission after chemotherapy (NCT02763475). PATIENTS AND METHODS Before the NKAE cell infusion, patients underwent a lymphodepleting regimen. After the NKAE cell infusion, patients were administered low doses (1 × 106/IU/m2) of subcutaneous interleukin-2. The primary study endpoint was AML relapse-free survival. We needed to include 35 patients to demonstrate a 50% reduction in relapses. RESULTS Seven patients (median age, 7.4 years; range, 0.78-15.98 years) were administered 13 infusions of NKAE cells, with a median of 36.44 × 106 cells/kg (range, 6.92 × 106 to 193.2 × 106 cells/kg). We observed chimerism in 4 patients (median chimerism, 0.065%; range, 0.05-0.27%). After a median follow-up of 33 months, the disease of 6 patients (85.7%) remained in complete remission. The 3-year overall survival was 83.3% (95% confidence interval, 68.1-98.5), and the cumulative 3-year relapse rate was 28.6% (95% confidence interval, 11.5-45.7). The study was terminated early because of low patient recruitment. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes the difficulties in recruiting patients for cell therapy trials, though NKAE cell infusion is safe and feasible. However, we cannot draw any conclusions regarding efficacy because of the small number of included patients and insufficient biological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adela Escudero
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Mestre
- Translational Research in Pediatric Oncology, Hematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Fuster Soler
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, University Clinic Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Spain
| | - Antonia Pascual Martínez
- Pediatric Hematology Unit, Maternal and Children Hospital, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose M Vagace Valero
- Pediatric Hematology Department, Maternal Pediatric Hospital, University Hospital Complex of Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Vela
- Translational Research in Pediatric Oncology, Hematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ruz
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navarro
- Translational Research in Pediatric Oncology, Hematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Fernández
- Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, National Center for Cancer Research (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Fernández
- Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, National Center for Cancer Research (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Leivas
- Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, National Center for Cancer Research (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Martínez-López
- Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, National Center for Cancer Research (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferreras
- Translational Research in Pediatric Oncology, Hematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel De Paz
- Hematology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanquer
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, University Clinic Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Spain
| | - Victor Galán
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta González
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Corral
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa Sisinni
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Mirones
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Balas
- Histocompatibility and HLA Typing Laboratory, Transfusion Center of the Community of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Vicario
- Histocompatibility and HLA Typing Laboratory, Transfusion Center of the Community of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Valle
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto M Borobia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Martínez
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Translational Research in Pediatric Oncology, Hematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Onco-Hematology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Taga T. [Monitoring minimal residual disease in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia]. Rinsho Ketsueki 2020; 61:971-978. [PMID: 32908063 DOI: 10.11406/rinketsu.61.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The event-free survival rate for childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is approaching 60%, owing to the use of intensive chemotherapy, optimal indication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and advances in supportive care. For further improvement, the development of more definitive risk stratification system and introduction of more effective treatment options are necessary. Recently, much attention has been drawn on minimal residual disease (MRD) that is considered a strong prognostic factor for children with AML. Recent studies from the United States and Europe have shown the prognostic impact of FCM-based MRD detection and it is already used for risk stratification in modern AML protocols. Myeloid leukemia in Down's syndrome (ML-DS) has unique characteristics, and ML-DS children are recently being treated separately from non-DS AML children with less intensive treatment. It has been shown that relapsed and refractory cases of ML-DS are difficult to treat; however, no universal prognostic factor has been found yet. In order to determine accurate methods for identifying a subgroup with poor prognosis, an attempt to analyze the role of MRD had been examined in the JPLSG AML-D11 study. In this study, the MRD by FCM and targeted deep sequencing for GATA1 after initial induction therapy were significant prognosis factors for predicting relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Taga
- Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science
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9
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Kunz F, Kontopoulou E, Reinhardt K, Soldierer M, Strachan S, Reinhardt D, Thakur BK. Detection of AML-specific mutations in pediatric patient plasma using extracellular vesicle-derived RNA. Ann Hematol 2019; 98:595-603. [PMID: 30673813 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-019-03608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite high remission rates, almost 25% of patients with AML will suffer relapse 3-5 years after diagnosis. Therefore, in addition to existing diagnostic and MRD detection tools, there is still a need for the development of novel approaches that can provide information on the state of the disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), containing genetic material reflecting the status of the parental cell, have gained interest in recent years as potential diagnostic biomarkers in cancer. Therefore, isolation and characterization of blood and bone marrow plasma-derived EVs from pediatric AML patients could be an additional approach in AML diagnostics and disease monitoring. In this study, we attempt to establish a plasma EV-RNA-based method to detect leukemia-specific FLT3-ITD and NPM1 mutations using established leukemia cell lines and primary pediatric AML plasma samples. We were successfully able to detect FLT3-ITD and NPM1 mutations in the EV-RNA using GeneScan-based fragment-length analysis and real-time PCR assays, respectively, in samples before therapy. This was corresponding to the gDNA mutational analysis from leukemic blasts, and supports the potential of using EV-RNA as a diagnostic biomarker in pediatric AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Kunz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, D-45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Evangelia Kontopoulou
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, D-45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Katarina Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, D-45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Maren Soldierer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, D-45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Strachan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, D-45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, D-45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, D-45147, Essen, Germany.
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10
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Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematopoietic disorder characterized by numerous cytogenetic and molecular aberrations that accounts for ~25% of childhood leukemia diagnoses. The outcome of children with AML has increased remarkably over the past 30 years, with current survival rates up to 70%, mainly due to intensification of standard chemotherapy and improvements in risk classification, supportive care, and minimal residual disease monitoring. However, childhood AML prognosis remains unfavorable and relapse rates are still around 30%. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches are needed to increase the cure rate. In AML, the presence of gene mutations and rearrangements prompted the identification of effective targeted molecular strategies, including kinase inhibitors, cell pathway inhibitors, and epigenetic modulators. This review will discuss several new drugs that recently received US Food and Drug Administration approval for AML treatment and promising strategies to treat childhood AML, including FLT3 inhibitors, epigenetic modulators, and Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Lonetti
- "Giorgio Prodi" Interdepartmental Cancer Research Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- "Giorgio Prodi" Interdepartmental Cancer Research Centre, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences DIMEC, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Masetti
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences DIMEC, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Shiba N. [Genetic aberrations and new treatment strategies for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia]. Rinsho Ketsueki 2018; 59:2260-2267. [PMID: 30305534 DOI: 10.11406/rinketsu.59.2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is heterogeneous and caused by various chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations or epigenetic modifications, and deregulated or overregulated gene expression, leading to increased proliferation and decreased hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. Although most of these aberrations are correlated with prognosis, accurate risk stratification remains challenging even after incorporating these molecular markers. The development of analytical techniques using microarrays and massive parallel sequencing has identified some gene mutations in adult AML, including DNMT3A and TET2 mutations. However, these mutations are rare in pediatric AML cases. However, a considerable amount of gene fusions was detected in pediatric AML, indicating that a different pathogenesis may exist between adult and pediatric AML. To facilitate genome-based treatment, we should revise the risk classification of AML more appropriately, adopting mutations of NPM1, biallelic CEBPA, and KMT2A-PTD and novel gene fusions, including CBFA2T3-GLIS2 and NUP98-JARID1A. Furthermore, new promising molecular-targeted drugs without side effects are recommended to improve the prognosis of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Shiba
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine
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Zareifar S, Ghorbani S, Monabbati A, Bordbar MR, Zekavat OR, Abdolkarimi B, Haghpanah S. Expression of antiapoptotic proteins livin and survivin in pediatric AML patients, as prognostic markers. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2018; 35:250-256. [PMID: 30588872 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2018.1530702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Survivin and livin are highly expressed in various malignancies and their expression levels may be related to unfavorable prognosis. The aim was to investigate the relationships of these two markers with some prognostic factors and with survival of the children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS Livin and survivin expression was investigated quantitatively by immunohistochemistry staining technique in 43 primary formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded bone marrow blocks in pediatric age group (<18 years). RESULTS Both survivin and livin were expressed in 81.4% of AML patients. Livin expression showed significant positive association with high level of primary WBC (p = .002). Survivin expression showed significant positive correlations with risk of relapse (p ≤ .001) and high level of primary WBC (p = .003). The relationship of overall survival (OS) of the patients with livin and survivin expression, were investigated separately in disease subtypes. Significant association was observed between survivin expression and shorter OS regardless of subtypes including acute promyelocytic (APL) (p = .01) and nonacute promyelocytic leukemia (non-APL) (p = .008). Also, significant association of livin expression with shorter OS was detected, but only in APL subgroup (p = .046). Nevertheless, in Cox regression model after adjusting for disease subtypes, stage and cytogenetics; survivin and livin showed no significant association with OS (p > .05). CONCLUSION Livin and survivin showed significant associations with some poor prognostic factors of AML. Although survivin in both subtypes and livin in non APL subtype, showed a significant relationship with shorter OS, none of them was determined as independent prognostic factors. Further studies with larger sample size are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Zareifar
- a Hematology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghorbani
- a Hematology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Ahmad Monabbati
- b Department of Pathology and Hematopathology research center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Bordbar
- a Hematology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Omid Reza Zekavat
- a Hematology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Babak Abdolkarimi
- c Department of Pediatrics , Lorestan University of Medical Sciences , Khoramabad , Iran
| | - Sezaneh Haghpanah
- a Hematology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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Zahler S, Bhatia M, Ricci A, Roy S, Morris E, Harrison L, van de Ven C, Fabricatore S, Wolownik K, Cooney-Qualter E, Baxter-Lowe LA, Luisi P, Militano O, Kletzel M, Cairo MS. A Phase I Study of Reduced-Intensity Conditioning and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation Followed by Dose Escalation of Targeted Consolidation Immunotherapy with Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin in Children and Adolescents with CD33+ Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2016; 22:698-704. [PMID: 26785332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Myeloablative conditioning and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (alloHSCT) in children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first complete remission (CR1) may be associated with significant acute toxicity and late effects. Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) and alloHSCT in children is safe, feasible, and may be associated with less adverse effects. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) induces a response in 30% of patients with CD33+ relapsed/refractory AML. The dose of GO is significantly lower when combined with chemotherapy. We examined the feasibility and toxicity of RIC alloHSCT followed by GO targeted immunotherapy in children with CD33+ AML in CR1/CR2. Conditioning consisted of fludarabine 30 mg/m2 × 6 days, busulfan 3.2 to 4 mg/kg × 2 days ± rabbit antithymocyte globulin 2 mg/kg × 4 days followed by alloHSCT from matched related/unrelated donors. GO was administered ≥60 days after alloHSCT in 2 doses (8 weeks apart), following a dose-escalation design (4.5, 6, 7.5, and 9 mg/m2). Fourteen patients with average risk AML received RIC alloHSCT and post-GO consolidation: median age 13.5 years at transplant (range, 1 to 21), male-to-female 8:6, and disease status at alloHSCT 11 CR1 and 3 CR2. Eleven patients received alloHSCT from 5-6/6 HLA-matched family donors: 8 received peripheral blood stem cells, 2 received bone marrow, and 1 received related cord blood transplantation. Three patients received an unrelated allograft (two 4-5/6 and one 9/10) from unrelated cord blood unit and bone marrow, respectively. Neutrophil and platelet engraftment was observed in all assessable patients (100%), achieved at median 15.5 days (range, 7 to 31) and 21 days (range, 10 to 52), respectively. Three patients received GO at dose level 1 (4.5 mg/m2 per dose), 5 at dose level 2 (6 mg/m2 per dose), 3 at dose level 3 (7.5 mg/m2 per dose), and 3 at dose level 4 (9 mg/m2 per dose). Three of 14 patients received only 1 dose of GO after alloHSCT. One patient experienced grade III transaminitis, which resolved; no grade IV transaminitis, no grade III/IV hyperbilirubinemia, or sinusoidal obstructive syndrome were observed. The second dose of GO was given at median of 143 days (range, 120 to 209) after alloHSCT. Probability of grades II to IV acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease were 21% and 33.5%, respectively. Probability of overall survival after RIC alloHSCT and GO consolidation at 1 and 5 years was 78% and 61%, respectively. Probability of 5-year event-free survival after RIC alloHSCT and GO consolidation in patients in CR1 was 78%. No dose-limiting toxicities probably or directly related to GO were observed in this cohort. This preliminary data demonstrate that RIC followed by alloHSCT and consolidation with GO appears to be safe in children and adolescents with CD33+ AML in CR1/CR2. A phase II trial is currently underway investigating this approach with a GO dose of 9 mg/m2 per dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Zahler
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Monica Bhatia
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Angela Ricci
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Sumith Roy
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Erin Morris
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Lauren Harrison
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | | | | | - Karen Wolownik
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | | | - Lee Ann Baxter-Lowe
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul Luisi
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Olga Militano
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Morris Kletzel
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York.
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Boztug H, Mühlegger N, Glogova E, Mann G, Urban C, Meister B, Schmitt K, Jones N, Attarbaschi A, Haas O, Strehl S, Lion T, Pötschger U, Fink FM, Gadner H, Dworzak M. Development of treatment and clinical results in childhood AML in Austria (1993-2013). Memo 2014; 7:63-74. [PMID: 32288851 PMCID: PMC7102234 DOI: 10.1007/s12254-014-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Since the early 1990s, three consecutive pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) trials have been performed in Austria (AML-Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) 93, AML-BFM 98, and AML-BFM 2004) in close cooperation with the international BFM study center. Herein, we review the pertinent patient characteristics, therapy, and outcome data. Patients and methods From January 1993 to April 2013, 249 children and adolescents (193 protocol patients) diagnosed with AML were enrolled in the three BFM studies. Patients were mainly treated in one of five pediatric hematology/oncology centers distributed over Austria. Results Many characteristics and outcome parameters were not statistically different between the three trials. Almost similar proportions of patients were stratified into two risk groups: standard risk (SR) (approximately 37 % overall) and high-risk (HR) (61 %). MLL rearrangements were found in 23 % of patients overall as the most frequent genetic aberration subtype. Complete remission (CR) was achieved by 84-95 % of patients. The most important type of event was leukemic relapse (5-year cumulative incidence 40 ± 8 %, 21 ± 5 %, and 39 ± 6 %; p = 0.058), with a trend to a higher rate specifically in SR patients of study AML-BFM 2004 compared with AML-BFM 98. Importantly, the frequency of death from causes other than relapse sequelae declined over the years (AML-BFM 93: 5/42 12 %, AML-BFM 98: 5/57 9 %, and AML-BFM 2004: 5/94 5 %). Altogether, event-free survival at 5 years varied insignificantly (48 ± 8 %, 61 ± 7 %, and 50 ± 6 %; p = 0.406). Nevertheless, survival (pSU) apparently improved from BFM 93 to subsequent studies, both overall (57 ± 8 %, 75 ± 6 %, and 62 ± 6 %; p = 0.046) and regarding the HR group (5-year-probability of survival (pSU) 40 ± 10 %, 66 ± 8 %, and 52 ± 8 %; p = 0.039). Conclusion Treatment of pediatric AML in Austria renders survival rates in the range of international best practice. However, unambiguous statistical comparison of treatment periods is eventually hampered by small numbers and inequalities of recruitment. Hence, only internationally collaborative trials will allow developing treatment further to achieve higher cure rates with fewer events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Boztug
- 1St. Anna Kinderspital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Mühlegger
- 1St. Anna Kinderspital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Evgenia Glogova
- 1St. Anna Kinderspital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Mann
- 1St. Anna Kinderspital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Urban
- 2Pediatric Oncology-Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Meister
- 3Pediatric Oncology-Hematology, Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Schmitt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology-Hematology, Landes-Kinderklinik Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Neil Jones
- 6Pediatric Oncology-Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andishe Attarbaschi
- 1St. Anna Kinderspital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oskar Haas
- 1St. Anna Kinderspital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Strehl
- 1St. Anna Kinderspital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Lion
- 1St. Anna Kinderspital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Pötschger
- 1St. Anna Kinderspital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz-Martin Fink
- 3Pediatric Oncology-Hematology, Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Bezirkskrankenhaus St. Johann in Tirol, Tirol, Austria
| | - Helmut Gadner
- 1St. Anna Kinderspital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Dworzak
- 1St. Anna Kinderspital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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