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Carter J, Heseltine TD, Meah MN, Tzolos E, Kwiecinski J, Doris M, McElhinney P, Moss AJ, Adamson PD, Hunter A, Alam S, Shah ASV, Pawade T, Wang C, Weir-McCall JR, Roditi G, van Beek EJR, Nicol ED, Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Slomka PJ, Mills NL, Dweck MR, Newby DE, Murray SW, Dey D, Williams MC. Hepatosteatosis and Atherosclerotic Plaque at Coronary CT Angiography. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2022; 4:e210260. [PMID: 35506136 PMCID: PMC9059242 DOI: 10.1148/ryct.210260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and quantitative atherosclerotic plaque at CT. Materials and Methods In this post hoc analysis of the prospective Scottish Computed Tomography of the HEART trial (November 2010 to September 2014), hepatosteatosis and coronary artery calcium score were measured at noncontrast CT. Presence of stenoses, visually assessed high-risk plaque, and quantitative plaque burden were assessed at coronary CT angiography. Multivariable models were constructed to assess the impact of hepatosteatosis and cardiovascular risk factors on coronary artery disease. Results Images from 1726 participants (mean age, 58 years ± 9 [SD]; 974 men) were included. Participants with hepatosteatosis (155 of 1726, 9%) had a higher body mass index, more hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and higher cardiovascular risk scores (P < .001 for all) compared with those without hepatosteatosis. They had increased coronary artery calcium scores (median, 43 Agatston units [AU] [interquartile range, 0-273] vs 19 AU [0-225], P = .046), more nonobstructive disease (48% vs 37%, P = .02), and higher low-attenuation plaque burden (5.11% [0-7.16] vs 4.07% [0-6.84], P = .04). However, these associations were not independent of cardiovascular risk factors. Over a median of 4.7 years, there was no evidence of a difference in myocardial infarction between those with and without hepatosteatosis (1.9% vs 2.4%, P = .92). Conclusion Hepatosteatosis at CT was associated with an increased prevalence of coronary artery disease at CT, but this was not independent of the presence of cardiovascular risk factors.Keywords: CT, Cardiac, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Coronary Artery Disease, Hepatosteatosis, Plaque QuantificationClinical trial registration no. NCT01149590 Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2022See also commentary by Abohashem and Blankstein in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Carter
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Thomas D. Heseltine
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Mohammed N. Meah
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Evangelos Tzolos
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Jacek Kwiecinski
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Mhairi Doris
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Priscilla McElhinney
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Alastair J. Moss
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Philip D. Adamson
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Amanda Hunter
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Shirjel Alam
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Anoop S. V. Shah
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Tania Pawade
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Chengjia Wang
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Jonathan R. Weir-McCall
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Giles Roditi
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Edwin J. R. van Beek
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Edward D. Nicol
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Leslee J. Shaw
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Daniel S. Berman
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Piotr J. Slomka
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Nicholas L. Mills
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Marc R. Dweck
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - David E. Newby
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Scott W. Murray
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Damini Dey
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
| | - Michelle C. Williams
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent,
Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 SUF, (J.C., M.N.M., E.T., J.K., M.D., A.J.M., P.D.A.,
A.H., S.A., A.S.V.S., T.P., C.W., N.L.M., M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Liverpool
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, England (T.D.H., S.W.M.);
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology,
Warsaw, Poland (J.K.); Biomedical Imaging Research Institute and Division of
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif (P.M., D.S.B., P.J.S., D.D.); Christchurch Heart Institute, University of
Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.D.A.); Department of Radiology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (J.R.W.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (G.R.); Edinburgh
Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (E.J.R.v.B.,
M.R.D., D.E.N., M.C.W.); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, London, England and the National Heart
and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, England
(E.D.N.); and Icahn School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York,
NY (L.J.S.)
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