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Chawla K, Khanna V, Ayer VS, Khanna R. Comparative evaluation of traditional and molecular diagnostic methods for malaria: An analysis of performance. Trop Parasitol 2024; 14:30-35. [PMID: 38444788 PMCID: PMC10911188 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_38_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose As we edge closer to the eradication of malaria, several methods for detecting Plasmodium species have been developed, including peripheral blood smear examination (PBS), rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), serological evaluations, fluorescent microscopy, polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), fluorescent in situ hybridization, and flow cytometry. The suitability of these tools for routine diagnosis requires evaluation, considering both their diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness. Materials and Methods Our study compared four diagnostic techniques for malaria: PBS, quantitative buffy coat (QBC), RDT, and PCR. We used PCR as the benchmark standard and statistically assessed the performance of PBS, QBC, and RDT against PCR in detecting malaria. Adopting a prospective observational approach, we collected blood samples from 117 patients exhibiting the symptoms suggestive of malaria. Results The findings from our study showed that PBS had a positivity rate of 93.4%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.881-0.987, indicating reliable results for a similar population. The QBC assay demonstrated an elevated positivity rate of 96.7% with a solid 95% CI of 0.930-1.000. Although the RDT had a slightly lower rate of 92.4%, it still delivered dependable results, presenting a significant 95% CI of 0.868-0.980, ensuring a robust diagnostic performance compared to PCR. Conclusion PCR is a reliable test when the identification of the specific species is inconclusive. Conversely, the commonly used PBS occasionally overlooks positive malaria cases due to the specialized skills needed for accurate reading. The cost-effective RDT is feasible for field operations without the need for expert knowledge. However, it fails to differentiate between old and new infections. Meanwhile, the QBC test, known for its sensitivity and speed, can be consistently employed for malaria diagnosis in a tertiary care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Chawla
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinay Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - V Sukrita Ayer
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruchee Khanna
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Ortiz-Perez E, Vazquez-Jimenez LK, Paz-Gonzalez AD, Delgado-Maldonado T, González AG, Gaona-Lopez C, Moreno-Herrera A, Vazquez K, Rivera G. Advances in the Development of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors as New Antiprotozoal Agents. Curr Med Chem 2023; 31:CMC-EPUB-135755. [PMID: 37909441 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673249553231018070920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic diseases are a public health problem despite the existence of drugs for their treatment. These treatments have variable efficacy and, in some cases, serious adverse effects. There has been interest in the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the last two decades since it is essential in the life cycle of various parasites due to its important participation in processes such as pyrimidine synthesis, HCO3- transport across cell membranes, and the maintenance of intracellular pH and ion transport (Na+, K+, and H+), among others. OBJECTIVE In this review, CA was analyzed as a pharmacological target in etiological agents of malaria, American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, and trichomoniasis. The CA inhibitors´ design, binding mode, and structure-activity relationship are also discussed. CONCLUSION According to this review, advances in discovering compounds with potent inhibitory activity suggest that CA is a candidate for developing new antiprotozoal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyra Ortiz-Perez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, México
| | - Lenci K Vazquez-Jimenez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, México
| | - Alma D Paz-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, México
| | - Timoteo Delgado-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, México
| | - Alonzo González González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, México
| | - Carlos Gaona-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, México
| | - Antonio Moreno-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, México
| | - Karina Vazquez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Gral. Escobedo 66050, México
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, México
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Omorou R, Bin Sa'id I, Delves M, Severini C, Kouakou YI, Bienvenu AL, Picot S. Protocols for Plasmodium gametocyte production in vitro: an integrative review and analysis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:451. [PMID: 36471426 PMCID: PMC9720971 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of Plasmodium gametocytes in vitro is a real challenge. Many protocols have been described, but few have resulted in the production of viable and infectious gametocytes in sufficient quantities to conduct research on-but not limited to-transmission-blocking drug and vaccine development. The aim of this review was to identify and discuss gametocyte production protocols that have been developed over the last two decades. METHODS We analyzed the original gametocyte production protocols published from 2000 onwards based on a literature search and a thorough review. A systematic review was performed of relevant articles identified in the PubMed, Web of Sciences and ScienceDirect databases. RESULTS A total 23 studies on the production of Plasmodium gametocytes were identified, 19 involving in vitro Plasmodium falciparum, one involving Plasmodium knowlesi and three involving ex vivo Plasmodium vivax. Of the in vitro studies, 90% used environmental stressors to trigger gametocytogenesis. Mature gametocytemia of up to 4% was reported. CONCLUSIONS Several biological parameters contribute to an optimal production in vitro of viable and infectious mature gametocytes. The knowledge gained from this systematic review on the molecular mechanisms involved in gametocytogenesis enables reproducible gametocyte protocols with transgenic parasite lines to be set up. This review highlights the need for additional gametocyte production protocols for Plasmodium species other than P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roukayatou Omorou
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon1, University of Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Ibrahim Bin Sa'id
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon1, University of Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.,Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Kediri, 64127, Kota Kediri, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Michael Delves
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1A 7HT, UK
| | - Carlo Severini
- Dipartimento Di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Yobouet Ines Kouakou
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon1, University of Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne-Lise Bienvenu
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon1, University of Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.,Service Pharmacie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stephane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon1, University of Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.,Institut de Parasitologie Et Mycologie Médicale, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Moin-Vaziri V, Djadid ND, Hoosh-Deghati H, Atta H, Raz AA, Seyyed-Tabaei SJ, Maleki-Ravasan N, Zakeri S. Molecular Detection of Plasmodium Infection among Anophelinae Mosquitoes and Differentiation of Biological Forms of Anopheles Stephensi Collected from Malarious Areas of Afghanistan and Iran. Ethiop J Health Sci 2022; 32:269-278. [PMID: 35693565 PMCID: PMC9175226 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v32i2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Updated information on the vectorial capacity of vectors is required in each malarious areas as well in Iran and its neighboring countries such as Afghanistan. The aims of this study were to investigate the potential infection of about 800 specimens collected from malarious areas of Afghanistan and Iran, and to differentiate biological forms of Anopheles stephensi. Method Two molecular markers, 18S RNA gene subunit and AsteObp1 intron I, were used respectively for investigation Plasmodium infection and identifying the biological forms of An. stephensi. Results Plasmodium infection was detected in 4 pools of Afghanistan specimens, including An. stephensi, collected from Nangarhar. Individually examination showed infection in 5 An. stephensi (infection rate: 1.25), to P. falciparum (2), P. vivax (2) and a mix infection. Out of five infected specimens, three were intermediate forms and two were mysorensis. No infection was found in specimens collected from Iran (Chabahar County), probably due to the active malaria control program in south-east of Iran. Conclusion The key role of An. stephensi, as a known Asian malaria vector, was re-emphasized in Afghanistan by the results achieved here. The fauna of vectors and the pattern of biological forms of An. stephensi are similar in both countries that urge regional investigations to provide evidence-based and applied data for decision-maker in malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Moin-Vaziri
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Helen Hoosh-Deghati
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Atta
- Malaria Control, Word Health Organization/Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abbas Ali Raz
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Javad Seyyed-Tabaei
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Parreira KS, Scarpelli P, Rezende Lima W, Garcia RS. Contribution of Transcriptome to Elucidate the Biology of Plasmodium spp. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:169-187. [PMID: 35021974 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220111140803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present review, we discuss some of the new technologies that have been applied to elucidate how Plasmodium spp escape from the immune system and subvert the host physiology to orchestrate the regulation of its biological pathways. Our manuscript describes how techniques such as microarray approaches, RNA-Seq and single-cell RNA sequencing have contributed to the discovery of transcripts and changed the concept of gene expression regulation in closely related malaria parasite species. Moreover, the text highlights the contributions of high-throughput RNA sequencing for the current knowledge of malaria parasite biology, physiology, vaccine target and the revelation of new players in parasite signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Scarpelli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wânia Rezende Lima
- Departamento de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnologia-Universidade Federal de Catalão
| | - R S Garcia
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Jang WS, Lim DH, Choe Y, Jee H, Moon KC, Kim C, Choi M, Park IS, Lim CS. Development of a Multiplex Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Diagnosis of Plasmodium spp., Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11111950. [PMID: 34829295 PMCID: PMC8624697 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11111950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, caused by the parasite Plasmodium and transmitted by mosquitoes, is an epidemic that mainly occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. As treatments differ across species of malarial parasites, there is a need to develop rapid diagnostic methods to differentiate malarial species. Herein, we developed a multiplex malaria Pan/Pf/Pv/actin beta loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to diagnose Plasmodium spp., P. falciparum, and P. vivax, as well as the internal control (IC), within 40 min. The detection limits of the multiplex malaria Pan/Pf/Pv/IC LAMP were 1 × 102, 1 × 102, 1 × 102, and 1 × 103 copies/µL for four vectors, including the 18S rRNA gene (Plasmodium spp.), lactate dehydrogenase gene (P. falciparum), 16S rRNA gene (P. vivax), and human actin beta gene (IC), respectively. The performance of the LAMP assay was compared and evaluated by evaluating 208 clinical samples (118 positive and 90 negative samples) with the commercial RealStar® Malaria S&T PCR Kit 1.0. The developed multiplex malaria Pan/Pf/Pv/IC LAMP assay showed comparable sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) with the commercial RealStar® Malaria S&T PCR Kit 1.0 (100%). These results suggest that the multiplex malaria Pan/Pf/Pv/IC LAMP could be used as a point-of-care molecular diagnostic test for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Sik Jang
- Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (W.S.J.); (K.C.M.)
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (D.H.L.); (Y.C.); (H.J.); (C.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.P.)
| | - Da Hye Lim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (D.H.L.); (Y.C.); (H.J.); (C.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.P.)
| | - YoungLan Choe
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (D.H.L.); (Y.C.); (H.J.); (C.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.P.)
| | - Hyunseul Jee
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (D.H.L.); (Y.C.); (H.J.); (C.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.P.)
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (W.S.J.); (K.C.M.)
| | - Chaewon Kim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (D.H.L.); (Y.C.); (H.J.); (C.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.P.)
| | - Minkyeong Choi
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (D.H.L.); (Y.C.); (H.J.); (C.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.P.)
| | - In Su Park
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (D.H.L.); (Y.C.); (H.J.); (C.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.P.)
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (D.H.L.); (Y.C.); (H.J.); (C.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2626-3245
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Bylicka-Szczepanowska E, Korzeniewski K, Lass A. Prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in symptomatic BaAka Pygmies inhabiting the rural Dzanga Sangha region of the Central African Republic. Ann Agric Environ Med 2021; 28:483-490. [PMID: 34558274 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/141872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in many endemic regions of sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in children <5 years. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the majority of severe malaria cases in sub-Saharan Africa, but is not the exclusive one. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in BaAka Pygmies with clinical symptoms of malaria, and define the percentage distribution of infections caused by species other than P. falciparum in order to assess the need for diversification of malaria treatment protocols. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons in 2018 and involved a group of 540 symptomatic BaAka Pygmies, patients of both genders, aged 1-75-years-old. Two diagnostic methods for detecting Plasmodium in the bloodstream were used: RDTs targeting HRP2-protein specific for P. falciparum, and PCR assays aimed at detecting P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae species. RESULTS Only 40.5% of symptomatic patients tested with RDTs for P. falciparum infections were positive. Molecular tests (PCR) confirmed P. falciparum in 94.8% of the samples and also revealed the genetic material of P. malariae (11.1%), P. ovale (9.8%), and P. vivax (0.7%). BaAka Pygmies aged <5 years of age dominated in patients with positive results; the common clinical symptoms reported by the sick individuals were fever, shivers and fatigue. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests the need for introducing accurate diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of malaria and the revision of malaria treatment protocols. Assessment of the Pfhrp2/Pfhrp3 deletions is necessary for evaluating malaria epidemiology in Central Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Lass
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University, Gdańsk, Poland
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Moreno-Herrera A, Cortez-Maya S, Bocanegra-Garcia V, Banik BK, Rivera G. Recent Advances in the Development of Broad-Spectrum Antiprotozoal Agents. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:583-606. [PMID: 32124688 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200303170000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium spp., and Trichomonas vaginalis, are part of a large list of human parasitic diseases. Together, they cause more than 500 million infections per year. These protozoa parasites affect both low- and high-income countries and their pharmacological treatments are limited. Therefore, new and more effective drugs in preclinical development could improve overall therapy for parasitic infections even when their mechanisms of action are unknown. In this review, a number of heterocyclic compounds (diamidine, guanidine, quinoline, benzimidazole, thiazole, diazanaphthalene, and their derivatives) reported as antiprotozoal agents are discussed as options for developing new pharmacological treatments for parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Moreno-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Sandra Cortez-Maya
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cd. Universitaria, Circuito Exterior, Coyoacan, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Bimal Krishna Banik
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Deanship of Research, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
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Dalimi A, Mosawi SH. The Comparison of Real-time-PCR-HRM and Microscopy Methods for Detection of Mixed Plasmodium spp. Infections in Laghman Province, Afghanistan. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:399-404. [PMID: 32614757 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200702134555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laghman province, in the east of Afghanistan, is one of the most malaria endemic regions with prominence of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. So far, no study has been conducted to investigate the extent of mixed infections in this area. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of mixed infections of malaria in Laghman province by using a new and highly sensitive molecular method (real-time polymerase chain reaction high resolution melting analysis) and compare its results with microscopically confirmed cases of malaria. METHODS In general, 347 infected individuals have been referred to Khalwati laboratory that is located in the center of Laghman province from May to November of 2018. Microscopic analysis was performed on prepared thick and thin blood films under ×100 lens with oil immersion. The real- time-PCR-HRM assay was performed using an ABI 7500 Fast Real-time PCR system. RESULTS In a microscopic examination, out of 347 patients referred to the Center, 267 (76.94%) cases were detected to be Plasmodium vivax, 79 (22.76%) Plasmodium falciparum and 1 (0.28%) case of mixed of two species. However, by using Real-time PCR-HRM technique, 249 (71.75%) were detected Plasmodium vivax, 79 (22.76%) were Plasmodium falciparum and 19 (5.47%) were mixed of two species. CONCLUSION Our result indicated that the Real-time PCR-HRM method is more accurate and more reliable than microscopic method in the diagnosis of malaria mixed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolhossein Dalimi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Hussain Mosawi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Ebani VV, Nardoni S, Giani M, Rocchigiani G, Archin T, Altomonte I, Poli A, Mancianti F. Molecular survey on the occurrence of avian haemosporidia, Coxiella burnetii and Francisella tularensis in waterfowl from central Italy. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 10:87-92. [PMID: 31384551 PMCID: PMC6664032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of some avian Haemosporidia, Coxiella burnetii and Francisella tularensis in waterfowl from Tuscany wetlands. One-hundred and thirty-three samples of spleen were collected from regularly hunted wild birds belonging to 13 different waterfowl species. DNA extracted from each sample was submitted to PCR assays and sequencing to detect the pathogens. Thirty-three samples (24.81%) were positive with PCR for at least one pathogen: 23 (17.29%) for Leucocytozoon spp., 6 (4.51%) for Plasmodium spp., 4 (3%) for C. burnetii, 2 (1.5%) for Haemoproteus spp. No specific F. tularensis amplifications (0%) were detected. To the best of our knowledge, this study firstly reports data about haemosporidian and C. burnetii infections in waterfowl from Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Nardoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marinella Giani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Rocchigiani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Talieh Archin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Iolanda Altomonte
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Jaramillo-Ochoa R, Sippy R, Farrell DF, Cueva-Aponte C, Beltrán-Ayala E, Gonzaga JL, Ordoñez-León T, Quintana FA, Ryan SJ, Stewart-Ibarra AM. Effects of Political Instability in Venezuela on Malaria Resurgence at Ecuador-Peru Border, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:834-836. [PMID: 30698522 PMCID: PMC6433012 DOI: 10.3201/eid2504.181355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass migration from Venezuela has increased malaria resurgence risk across South America. During 2018, migrants from Venezuela constituted 96% of imported malaria cases along the Ecuador–Peru border. Plasmodium vivax predominated (96%). Autochthonous malaria cases emerged in areas previously malaria-free. Heightened malaria control and a response to this humanitarian crisis are imperative.
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Sijbranda DC, Hunter S, Howe L, Lenting B, Argilla L, Gartrell BD. Cases of mortality in little penguins (Eudyptula minor) in New Zealand associated with avian malaria. N Z Vet J 2017; 65:332-337. [PMID: 28738733 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2017.1359124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY A little penguin (Eudyptula minor) of wild origin, in captivity at Wellington Zoo, became inappetent and lethargic in March 2013. Despite supportive care in the zoo's wildlife hospital, the bird died within 24 hours. CLINICAL FINDINGS Weight loss, dehydration, pale mucous membranes, weakness, increased respiratory effort and biliverdinuria were apparent on physical examination. Microscopic evaluation of blood smears revealed intra-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium spp. and a regenerative reticulocytosis in the absence of anaemia. PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS Post-mortem findings included reduced body condition, dehydration, pulmonary congestion and oedema, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, hydropericardium and subcutaneous oedema. Histopathological findings included protozoal organisms in sections of lung, liver and spleen. A marked, diffuse, sub-acute interstitial histiocytic pneumonia was present. Accumulation of haemosiderin was noted in the Kupffer cells of the liver and in histiocytic-type cells in the spleen. MOLECULAR TESTING DNA was extracted from frozen portions of the liver. Nested PCR results and DNA sequencing confirmed infection of the deceased little penguin with Plasmodium (Huffia) elongatum lineage GRW06. DIAGNOSIS Avian malaria due to Plasmodium (Huffia) elongatum GRW06 RETROSPECTIVE INVESTIGATION A retrospective analysis of 294 little penguin cases in the Massey University post-mortem database revealed three other potential avian malaria cases. Analysis of archived tissues using a nested PCR for Plasmodium spp. followed by DNA sequencing revealed that a little penguin which died at Auckland Zoo was infected with P. elongatum GRW06 and two wild little penguins found dead on New Zealand beaches were infected with P. relictum SGS1 and Plasmodium. sp. lineage LINN1. Therefore, the overall frequency of deaths in little penguins associated with avian malaria was 4/295 (1.36%). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our results suggest that avian malaria is associated with sporadic mortality in New Zealand's little penguins both in the wild and in captivity, but there is no evidence of mass mortality events due to Plasmodium spp. infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Sijbranda
- a Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Tennent Drive, Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - S Hunter
- a Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Tennent Drive, Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - L Howe
- a Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Tennent Drive, Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - B Lenting
- b The Nest Te Kohanga, Wellington Zoo , 200 Daniell Street, Wellington , New Zealand
| | - L Argilla
- c Avian and Wildlife Health Consultancy Services , 175 The Ridgeway, Kingston, Wellington
| | - B D Gartrell
- a Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Tennent Drive, Palmerston North , New Zealand
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Angelo KM, Libman M, Caumes E, Hamer DH, Kain KC, Leder K, Grobusch MP, Hagmann SH, Kozarsky P, Lalloo DG, Lim PL, Patimeteeporn C, Gautret P, Odolini S, Chappuis F, Esposito DH. Malaria after international travel: a GeoSentinel analysis, 2003-2016. Malar J 2017; 16:293. [PMID: 28728595 PMCID: PMC5520359 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 30,000 malaria cases are reported annually among international travellers. Despite improvements in malaria control, malaria continues to threaten travellers due to inaccurate perception of risk and sub-optimal pre-travel preparation. METHODS Records with a confirmed malaria diagnosis after travel from January 2003 to July 2016 were obtained from GeoSentinel, a global surveillance network of travel and tropical medicine providers that monitors travel-related morbidity. Records were excluded if exposure country was missing or unascertainable or if there was a concomitant acute diagnosis unrelated to malaria. Records were analyzed to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of international travellers with malaria. RESULTS There were 5689 travellers included; 325 were children <18 years. More than half (53%) were visiting friends and relatives (VFRs). Most (83%) were exposed in sub-Saharan Africa. The median trip duration was 32 days (interquartile range 20-75); 53% did not have a pre-travel visit. More than half (62%) were hospitalized; children were hospitalized more frequently than adults (73 and 62%, respectively). Ninety-two per cent had a single Plasmodium species diagnosis, most frequently Plasmodium falciparum (4011; 76%). Travellers with P. falciparum were most frequently VFRs (60%). More than 40% of travellers with a trip duration ≤7 days had Plasmodium vivax. There were 444 (8%) travellers with severe malaria; 31 children had severe malaria. Twelve travellers died. CONCLUSION Malaria remains a serious threat to international travellers. Efforts must focus on preventive strategies aimed on children and VFRs, and chemoprophylaxis access and preventive measure adherence should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Angelo
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop E03, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Michael Libman
- McGill University Centre for Tropical Diseases, Montreal, Canada
| | - Eric Caumes
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Davidson H. Hamer
- Department of Global Health and Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- Tropical Disease Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Karin Leder
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin P. Grobusch
- Center for Tropical and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stefan H. Hagmann
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children’s Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, New York, NY USA
| | - Phyllis Kozarsky
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop E03, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Poh-Lian Lim
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Calvin Patimeteeporn
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop E03, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Philippe Gautret
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Aix Marseille Université, Tropical IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseillle, France
| | - Silvia Odolini
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili General Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Douglas H. Esposito
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop E03, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
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Domingos A, Pinheiro-Silva R, Couto J, do Rosário V, de la Fuente J. The Anopheles gambiae transcriptome - a turning point for malaria control. Insect Mol Biol 2017; 26:140-151. [PMID: 28067439 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are important vectors of several pathogens and thereby contribute to the spread of diseases, with social, economic and public health impacts. Amongst the approximately 450 species of Anopheles, about 60 are recognized as vectors of human malaria, the most important parasitic disease. In Africa, Anopheles gambiae is the main malaria vector mosquito. Current malaria control strategies are largely focused on drugs and vector control measures such as insecticides and bed-nets. Improvement of current, and the development of new, mosquito-targeted malaria control methods rely on a better understanding of mosquito vector biology. An organism's transcriptome is a reflection of its physiological state and transcriptomic analyses of different conditions that are relevant to mosquito vector competence can therefore yield important information. Transcriptomic analyses have contributed significant information on processes such as blood-feeding parasite-vector interaction, insecticide resistance, and tissue- and stage-specific gene regulation, thereby facilitating the path towards the development of new malaria control methods. Here, we discuss the main applications of transcriptomic analyses in An. gambiae that have led to a better understanding of mosquito vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Domingos
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisboa, Portugal
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHMT), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Pinheiro-Silva
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Couto
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - V do Rosário
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J de la Fuente
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Niederhauser C, Gottschalk J, Tinguely C. Selective Testing of At-Risk Blood Donors for Trypanosoma cruzi and Plasmodium spp. in Switzerland. Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:169-76. [PMID: 27403088 DOI: 10.1159/000446218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population migrations and overseas recreational travel to regions at risk for tropical diseases are increasing. A major challenge in non-endemic countries is to decrease the number of blood donor deferrals due those tropical disease pathogens, without compromising the high level of blood safety. The protozoans Trypanosoma cruzi and Plasmodium spp., the causative organisms of Chagas disease (CD) and malaria are becoming a major focus in the blood transfusion community. METHODS National guidelines of the Blood Transfusion Service of the Swiss Red Cross propose an algorithm for dealing with these pathogens, including a mandatory selective serological testing of donors at risk. RESULTS 6,978 donors at risk for CD were tested. Three of them were confirmed anti-T. cruzi -positive, and in one case a transfusion-transmitted infection was highly possible. The specificity of the assay was 99.94%. For malaria 12,887 donors were at risk and 178 were confirmed positive. The specificity of the assays was 92.8%. CONCLUSION CD and malaria in non-endemic countries may represent a certain risk for blood transfusion. Switzerland chose a selective testing approach. The specificity of the assays is a crucial topic for this approach because it ensures a minimal loss of false-reactive donors and helps towards an easier counselling of implicated donors.
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Mapua MI, Qablan MA, Pomajbíková K, Petrželková KJ, Hůzová Z, Rádrová J, Votýpka J, Todd A, Jirků M, Leendertz FH, Lukeš J, Neel C, Modrý D. Ecology of malaria infections in western lowland gorillas inhabiting Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. Parasitology 2015; 142:890-900. [PMID: 25736484 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182015000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
African great apes are susceptible to infections with several species of Plasmodium, including the predecessor of Plasmodium falciparum. Little is known about the ecology of these pathogens in gorillas. A total of 131 gorilla fecal samples were collected from Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas to study the diversity and prevalence of Plasmodium species. The effects of sex and age as factors influencing levels of infection with Plasmodium in habituated gorilla groups were assessed. Ninety-five human blood samples from the same locality were also analysed to test for cross-transmission between humans and gorillas. According to a cytB PCR assay 32% of gorilla's fecal samples and 43·1% human individuals were infected with Plasmodium spp. All Laverania species, Plasmodium vivax, and for the first time Plasmodium ovale were identified from gorilla samples. Plasmodium praefalciparum was present only from habituated individuals and P. falciparum was detected from human samples. Although few P. vivax and P. ovale sequences were obtained from gorillas, the evidence for cross-species transmission between humans and gorillas requires more in depth analysis. No association was found between malaria infection and sex, however, younger individuals aged ≤6 years were more susceptible. Switching between two different Plasmodium spp. was observed in three individuals. Prolonged monitoring of Plasmodium infection during various seasons and recording behavioural data is necessary to draw a precise picture about the infection dynamics.
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