1
|
Cronin K, Hutton I, Burns K. Harsh environmental conditions promote cooperative behavior in an epiphytic fern. Plant Signal Behav 2024; 19:2335453. [PMID: 38555490 PMCID: PMC10984116 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2335453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Harsh, unpredictable environments are known to favor cooperative groups in animals. Whether plants exhibit similar relationships is unknown. Staghorn ferns (Platycerium bifurcatum, Polypodiaceae) are epiphytes that form cooperative groups which build communal water and nutrient 'nests' at the tops of trees, a habitat characterized by water and nutrient stress. We conducted field observations to test whether staghorn ferns continue to live in large, reproductively active groups after they become dislodged from the canopy and fall to the forest floor, where they are less limited by water and nutrient deprivation. To rule out the potentially confounding effects of light limitation on the forest floor, we also conducted a multi-year glasshouse experiment where we transplanted individual plants into soil and onto vertically oriented boards under standardized light conditions. Results from field observations showed that dislodged colonies formed smaller groups that reproduced less than epiphytic colonies. Results from the glasshouse experiment showed that even when growing in full sun, terrestrial individuals tended to remain solitary, while epiphytic individuals tended to recruit new individuals into colonies. Results also showed that plants growing in potting soil and exposed to full sunlight sporulated more heavily than plants growing epiphytically. However, localities that are characterized by both elevated soil and light resources are generally not available to staghorn ferns in the wild, perhaps with the exception of large, epiphytic colonies with well-developed nests at the top of tree canopies. Overall results indicate that the harsh environmental conditions at the tops of trees trigger the formation of colonies in staghorn ferns, similarly to group living animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kahurangi Cronin
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ian Hutton
- Lord Howe Island Museum, Lord Howe Island, Australia
| | - K.C. Burns
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou XM, Zhang L, Chen CW, Li CX, Huang YM, Chen DK, Lu NT, Cicuzza D, Knapp R, Luong TT, Nitta JH, Gao XF, Zhang LB. A plastid phylogeny and character evolution of the Old World fern genus Pyrrosia (Polypodiaceae) with the description of a new genus: Hovenkampia (Polypodiaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 114:271-294. [PMID: 28676427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Old World fern genus Pyrrosia (Polypodiaceae) offers a rare system in ferns to study morphological evolution because almost all species of this genus are well studied for their morphology, anatomy, and spore features, and various hypotheses have been proposed in terms of the phylogeny and evolution in this genus. However, the molecular phylogeny of the genus lags behind. The monophyly of the genus has been uncertain and a modern phylogenetic study of the genus based on molecular data has been lacking. In the present study, DNA sequences of five plastid markers of 220 accessions of Polypodiaceae representing two species of Drymoglossum, 14 species of Platycerium, 50 species of Pyrrosia, and the only species of Saxiglossum (subfamily Platycerioideae), and 12 species of other Polypodiaceae representing the remaining four subfamilies are used to infer a phylogeny of the genus. Major results and conclusions of this study include: (1) Pyrrosia as currently circumscribed is paraphyletic in relation to Platycerium and can be divided into two genera: Pyrrosia s.s. and Hovenkampia (gen. nov.), with Hovenkampia and Platycerium forming a strongly supported clade sister to Pyrrosia s.s.; (2) Subfamily Platycerioideae should contain three genera only, Hovenkampia, Platycerium, and Pyrrosia s.s.; (3) Based on the molecular phylogeny, macromorphology, anatomical features, and spore morphology, four major clades in the genus are identified and three of the four are further resolved into four, four, and six subclades, respectively; (4) Three species, P. angustissima, P. foveolata, and P. mannii, not assigned to any groups by Hovenkamp (1986) because of their unusual morphology, each form monospecific clades; (5) Drymoglossum is not monophyletic and those species previously assigned to this genus are resolved in two different subclades; (6) Saxiglossum is resolved as the first lineage in the Niphopsis clade; and (7) The evolution of ten major morphological characters in the subfamily is inferred based on the phylogeny and various morphological synapomorphies for various clades and subclades are identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Mao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Chen
- Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yao-Moan Huang
- Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
| | - De-Kui Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Ngan Thi Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Biology, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18th Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Daniele Cicuzza
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
| | - Ralf Knapp
- Correspondent of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France), Steigestrasse 78, 69412 Eberbach, Germany
| | - Thien Tam Luong
- Department of Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNUHCM), University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Joel H Nitta
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Xin-Fen Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Li-Bing Zhang
- Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mróz E, Depa Ł, Artchawakom T, Gorczyca J. Micromyzusplatycerii sp. n. (Hemiptera, Aphididae) - a new fern-feeding aphid species from Thailand. Zookeys 2015:49-57. [PMID: 25709520 PMCID: PMC4329398 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.456.8598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new fern-feeding aphid species, Micromyzusplatycerii, collected in Sakaerat Research Station in Thailand, is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mróz
- Department of Zoology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Depa
- Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Wang Nam Khieo District, Thailand
| | - Taksin Artchawakom
- Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Wang Nam Khieo District, Thailand
| | - Jacek Gorczyca
- Department of Zoology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|