1
|
Dutta TK, Akhil VS, Kundu A, Dash M, Phani V, Sirohi A, Somvanshi VS. Induced knockdown of Mg-odr-1 and Mg-odr-3 perturbed the host seeking behavior of Meloidogyne graminicola in rice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26384. [PMID: 38420492 PMCID: PMC10900406 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is one of the most destructive plant parasites in upland as well as direct seeded rice. As an integral part of nematode biology, host finding behavior involves perceiving and responding to different chemical cues originating from the rhizosphere. A sustainable management tactic may include retardation of nematode chemoreception that would impair them to detect and discriminate the host stimuli. Deciphering the molecular basis of nematode chemoreception is vital to identify chokepoints for chemical or genetic interventions. However, compared to the well-characterized chemoreception mechanism in model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, plant nematode chemoreception is yet underexplored. Herein, the full-length cDNA sequences of two chemotaxis-related genes (Mg-odr-1 and Mg-odr-3) were cloned from M. graminicola. Both the genes were markedly upregulated in the early developmental stages of M. graminicola suggesting their involvement in host finding processes. RNAi-induced independent knockdown of Mg-odr-1 and Mg-odr-3 caused behavioral aberration in second-stage juveniles of M. graminicola which in turn perturbed the nematodes' host finding ability and parasitic success inside rice roots. Additionally, nematodes' chemotactic response to different host root exudates, volatile and nonvolatile compounds was affected. Our results demonstrating the role of specific chemosensory genes in modulating M. graminicola host seeking behavior can enrich the existing knowledge of plant nematode chemoreception mechanism, and these genes can be targeted for novel nematicide development or in planta RNAi screens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K. Dutta
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Voodikala S. Akhil
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Artha Kundu
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Manoranjan Dash
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Victor Phani
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya (Majhian Campus), Balurghat, 733133, India
| | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Vishal S. Somvanshi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perry RN. Detection of the Effects of Root Exudates (Diffusates) on Nematode Hatching and Attraction. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2756:271-289. [PMID: 38427299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3638-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes have enormous economic and social impacts. The majority of plant-parasitic nematodes are soil dwelling and feed on plant roots. Exudates from actively growing roots initiate hatch of some nematode species, thus ensuring infective juveniles emerge in close proximity to host plant roots. Several gradients of volatile and non-volatile compounds are established around plant roots, at least some of which are used by nematodes to orientate toward the roots. Plant-parasitic nematodes are microscopic in size (less than 1 mm in length and between 15 and 20 μm in diameter), so investigations into behavior are challenging. Various in vitro techniques have been used to evaluate the effects of root exudates. The techniques can also be used to evaluate the comparative attractiveness of different plants or cultivars of the same plant species. This chapter describes some examples of different types of basic in vitro assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland N Perry
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dutta TK, Akhil VS, Dash M, Kundu A, Phani V, Sirohi A. Molecular and functional characterization of chemosensory genes from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:745. [PMID: 38057766 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola has emerged as a major threat in rice agroecosystems owing to climate change-induced changes in cultivation practices. Synthetic nematicides are continually being withdrawn from the nematode management toolbox because of their ill effects on the environment. A sustainable strategy would be to develop novel nematicides or resistant plants that would target nematode sensory perception, which is a key step in the host finding biology of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). However, compared to the extensive literature on the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, negligible research has been performed on PPN chemosensory biology. RESULTS The present study characterizes the five chemosensory genes (Mg-odr-7, Mg-tax-4, Mg-tax-4.1, Mg-osm-9, and Mg-ocr-2) from M. graminicola that are putatively associated with nematode host-finding biology. All the genes were highly transcribed in the early life stages, and RNA interference (RNAi)-induced downregulation of each candidate gene perturbed the normal behavioural phenotypes of M. graminicola, as determined by examining the tracking pattern of juveniles on Pluronic gel medium, attraction to and penetration in rice root tip, and developmental progression in rice root. In addition, a detrimental effect on nematode chemotaxis towards different volatile and nonvolatile organic compounds and host root exudates was documented. CONCLUSION Our findings enrich the existing literature on PPN chemosensory biology and can supplement future research aimed at identifying a comprehensive chemosensory signal transduction pathway in PPNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Dutta
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Voodikala S Akhil
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Manoranjan Dash
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Artha Kundu
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Victor Phani
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Balurghat, Dakshin Dinajpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li C, Zhou X, Lewis EE, Yu Y, Wang C. Study on host-seeking behavior and chemotaxis of entomopathogenic nematodes using Pluronic F-127 gel. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 161:54-60. [PMID: 30707919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pluronic F-127 gel (PF127) has proven to be a powerful medium in which to study host-finding behavior and chemotaxis for plant-parasitic nematodes. Pluronic gel can also be used to study host-habitat seeking behavior of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), which are natural enemies of root-feeding insect pests. In this study, PF127 was used to study tritrophic interactions among EPNs, host-habitat roots and insects. We also tested whether EPN aggregated to acetic acid (pH gradient) which mimicked the conditions near the roots. The chive root gnat Bradysia odoriphaga alone significantly attracted more nematodes than chive roots alone or the combination of roots plus insects. The attractiveness of B. odoriphaga differed (3.7-15.4%) among all tested species/strains of EPNs. In addition, we found that Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinernema spp. infective juveniles responded to pH gradients formed by acetic acid in Pluronic gel. The preferred pH ranges for strains of H. bacteriophora and H. megidis were from 4.32-5.04, and from 5.37-6.92 for Steinernema species, indicating that Heterorhabditis spp. prefer low pH conditions than Steinernema species. A narrow pH gradient between 6.84 and 7.05 was detected around chive root tips in which EPN was attracted. These results suggest that Pluronic gel can be broadly used for the study of host or host-habitat seeking behaviors and chemotaxis of nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xianhong Zhou
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Edwin E Lewis
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Yi Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Congli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Timur SS, Şahin A, Aytekin E, Öztürk N, Polat KH, Tezel N, Gürsoy RN, Çalış S. Design and in vitro evaluation of tenofovir-loaded vaginal gels for the prevention of HIV infections. Pharm Dev Technol 2017; 23:301-310. [PMID: 28503983 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2017.1329835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is affecting women disproportionally with increasing incidence rates over the last decades. Tenofovir is one of the most commonly used antiretroviral agents, which belongs to the nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor family, for the prevention of HIV acquisition. In scope of this study, a thermogelling system containing tenofovir-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for the controlled release of tenofovir was developed and characterized. The in vitro release studies have shown that the burst release effect was decreased to 27% with f-TFV CS NPs-Gel. Gelation temperature of developed formulation was found as 26.6 ± 0.2 °C, which provides ease of administration while gelation occurs after the administration to the vagina. The work of adhesion values was used as parameters for comparison of mucoadhesive performance and the mucoadhesion of f-TFV CS NPs-Gel was found as 0.516 ± 0.136 N.s at 37 °C. The biocompatibility of blank formulations was evaluated by cell viability studies using L929 cells, in which Gel + CS NPs formulation was found to be safe with 82.4% and 90.2% cell viability for 1:16 and 1:32 dilutions, respectively. In conclusion, an improved tenofovir containing vaginal gel formulation was successfully developed and evaluated for preventing HIV transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selin Seda Timur
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Adem Şahin
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Eren Aytekin
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Naile Öztürk
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Kerem Heybet Polat
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Nurten Tezel
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Reyhan Neslihan Gürsoy
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Sema Çalış
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|