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Hao KX, Shen CY, Jiang JG. Sedative and hypnotic effects of Polygala tenuifolia willd. saponins on insomnia mice and their targets. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 323:117618. [PMID: 38141791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polygala tenuifolia Willd. has been widely used in the treatment of cancer, forgetfulness, depression and other diseases. AIM OF REVIEW The purpose of this study was to investigate the sleep-enhancing effect and mechanism of P. tenuifolia saponins (PTS). MATERIALS AND METHODS The total saponin (YZ-I) and purified saponin (YZ-II) fractions were extracted and ICR mice model of insomnia was established by p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) induction to observe anxiety and depression behaviors. Effects of YZ-I and YZ-II on the levels of neurotransmitters, hormones, and inflammation cytokines were detected by ELISA, RT-qPCR and western blotting. RESULTS The results showed that YZ-I and YZ-II reduced the immobility time of mice and prolonged the sleep time of mice and significantly increased the concentrations of 5-HT, NE, PGD2, IL-1β and TNF-α. YZ-I and YZ-II regulated GABAARα2, GABAARα3, GAD65/67, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A, while regulated the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as DPR, PGD2, iNOS and TNF-α to exert sedative and hypnotic effects. CONCLUSION PTS are mainly achieved sedative and hypnotic effects by altering serotonergic, GABAergic and immune systems, but the effects and mechanisms of action of YZ-I were different from YZ-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xin Hao
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chun-Yan Shen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Southern Medical University, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Xin M, Wang H, Wang M, Yang B, Liang S, Xu X, Dong L, Cai T, Huang Y, Wang Q, Wang C, Cui Y, Xu Z, Sun W, Song X, Sun J. Attenuating effect of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. seed oil on progression of MAFLD. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1253715. [PMID: 37869756 PMCID: PMC10588625 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1253715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a common chronic metabolic disease that seriously threatens human health. The pharmacological activity of unsaturated fatty acid-rich vegetable oil interventions in the treatment of MAFLD has been demonstrated. This study evaluated the pharmacological activity of Polygala tenuifolia Willd, which contains high levels of 2-acetyl-1,3-diacyl-sn-glycerols (sn-2-acTAGs). Methods: In this study, a mouse model was established by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD, 31% lard oil diet), and the treatment group was fed a P. tenuifolia seed oil (PWSO) treatment diet (17% lard oil and 14% PWSO diet). The pharmacological activity and mechanism of PWSO were investigated by total cho-lesterol (TC) measurement, triglyceride (TG) measurement and histopathological observation, and the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP1), SREBP2 and NF-κB signaling pathways were evaluated by immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. Results: PWSO attenuated the increases in plasma TC and TG levels. Furthermore, PWSO reduced the hepatic levels of TC and TG, ameliorating hepatic lipid accumulation. PWSO treatment effectively improves the level of hepatitic inflammation, such as reducing IL-6 levels and TNF-α level. Discussion: PWSO treatment inactivated SREBP1 and SREBP2, which are involved in lipogenesis, to attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation and mitigate the inflammatory response induced via the NF-κB signaling pathway. This study demonstrated that PWSO can be used as a relatively potent dietary supplement to inhibit the occurrence and development of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Xin
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Hanlin Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Bendong Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Shufei Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Tianqi Cai
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Yuting Cui
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengbao Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Wenlong Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
- Shandong Qingyujiangxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
- Shandong Qingyujiangxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Jinyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Qingyujiangxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zibo, Shandong, China
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Zeng Z, Chang X, Zhang D, Chen H, Zhong X, Xie Y, Yu Q, Yan C. Structural elucidation and anti-neuroinflammatory activity of Polygala tenuifolia polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:1284-1296. [PMID: 36037912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Polygala tenuifolia is extensively used to treat amnesia in traditional Chinese medicine, and pharmacological studies have reported the beneficial effects of P. tenuifolia on intelligence and cognition. In the present study, the crude polysaccharide alkali-extracted from P. tenuifolia roots (PTB) inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia/astrocyte activation and significantly improved the learning and memory ability of Alzheimer's disease (AD) rats. To determine its bioactive components, a heteropolysaccharide (PTBP-1-3) was isolated from PTB. Structural analysis showed that PTBP-1-3 was composed of α-L-Araf-(1 → , → 3)-α-L-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, →3,5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, β-D-Xylp-(1→, →2,3,4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→, α-L-Rhap-(1→, β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Manp-(1→, and →2,4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → residues. PTBP-1-3 decreased the production of NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β in lipopolysaccharide-activated BV2 microglia cells in a manner similar to that of minocycline. In conclusion, PTBP-1-3 exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation, and could be one of the bioactive ingredients in PTB for anti-neuroinflammation. PTB and PTBP-1-3 may be potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zeng
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Chang
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haiyun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yikun Xie
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Chunyan Yan
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Li CC, Ye F, Xu CX, Chang Q, Liu XM, Pan RL. Effect of Radix Polygalae extract on the colonic dysfunction in rats induced by chronic restraint stress. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 294:115349. [PMID: 35533914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix Polygalae, a commonly used traditional Chinese herb, has conventionally functioned in tranquilization and sedation, where anti-inflammation may be the underlying mechanism. AIM OF THE STUDY Chronic restraint stress (CRS), a risk factor for the etiology of intestinal disorders, was used in the present study to examine whether Radix Polygalae extract (RPE) could modulate colonic dysfunction in CRS rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were exposed to 28-day CRS (6 h daily), and RPE (135 mg/kg and 270 mg/kg) was intragastrically administered 1 h before CRS. Subsequently, the gut microbiota was determined using metagenomic sequencing. Colonic proinflammatory interleukin-1β, -6, and -18 were assayed using qRT-PCR and ELISA. Tight junction proteins were quantified by qRT-PCR and western blotting (WB), and tryptophan metabolic enzymes and metabolites were determined using qRT-PCR and UFLC-QTRAP-5500/MS. Moreover, protein expression of colonic tight junction proteins, NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling involved in the underlying mechanism of RPE were detected by WB. RESULTS RPE significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokines and reshaped the gut microbiota, especially the probiotics, including Lactobacillus and Bacteroides. Moreover, RPE could modulate the metabolite contents and enzyme expression associated with colonic tryptophan-kynurenine (TRP-KYN) metabolism and could increase tight junction protein expression in CRS rats. Furthermore, RPE inhibited the activation of NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling in the colon of CRS rats. CONCLUSION RPE could modulate colonic inflammation, colonic microbiota, tight junction, TRP-KYN metabolism and NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling to reach a colonic balance of CRS rats. The present study helped us to better understand and appreciate the various beneficial effects of RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chen-Xi Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qi Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Rui-Le Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Sur B, Lee B, Yoon YS, Lim P, Hong R, Yeom M, Lee HS, Park H, Shim I, Lee H, Jang YP, Hahm DH. Extract of Polygala tenuifolia Alleviates Stress-Exacerbated Atopy-Like Skin Dermatitis through the Modulation of Protein Kinase A and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010190. [PMID: 28106783 PMCID: PMC5297822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) and stress create a vicious cycle: stress exacerbates atopic symptoms, and atopic disease elicits stress and anxiety. Targeting multiple pathways including stress and allergic inflammation is, therefore, important for treating AD. In this study, we investigated the remedial value of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. (PTW) for treating immobilization (IMO) stress-exacerbated atopy-like skin dermatitis and its underlying mechanism. Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) was applied to dorsal skin for sensitization and subsequently both ears for eliciting T-cell-dependent contact hypersensitivity in mice, which underwent 2 h-IMO stress and PTW administration for the latter 6 and 9 days in the ear exposure period of TMA, respectively. To elicit in vitro degranulation of human mast cell line-1 (HMC-1), 10 µM substance P (SP) and 200 nM corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) were sequentially added with 48 h-interval. PTW extract (500 µg/mL) was added 30 min before CRF treatment. IMO stress exacerbated TMA-induced scratching behavior by 252%, and increased their blood corticosterone levels by two-fold. Treatment with 250 mg/kg PTW significantly restored IMO stress-exacerbated scratching behavior and other indicators such as skin inflammation and water content, lymph node weights, and serum histamine and immunoglobulin E (lgE) levels. Furthermore, it also reversed TMA-stimulated expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-4 mRNAs in ear tissues. PTW significantly inhibited SP/CRF-stimulated degranulation of HMC-1 cells, subsequent tryptase secretion, and protein kinase A (PKA) activity. PTW also selectively inhibited p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in SP/CRF-treated HMC-1 cells. PTW significantly inhibited HMC-1 cell degranulation and alleviated IMO stress-exacerbated atopic dermatitis symptoms by modulating the PKA/p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Cell Line
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/blood
- Dermatitis, Atopic/complications
- Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy
- Ear/pathology
- Humans
- Immobilization
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Male
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Phytochemicals/analysis
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Polygala/chemistry
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Stress, Psychological/blood
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Water
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongjun Sur
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Ye Seul Yoon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Pooreum Lim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Riwon Hong
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Mijung Yeom
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Hyang Sook Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Hijoon Park
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Insop Shim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Young Pyo Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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