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Pagadala MS, Linscott JA, Talwar JV, Seibert TM, Rose B, Lynch J, Panizzon M, Hauger R, Hansen MH, Sammon JD, Hayn MH, Kader K, Carter H, Ryan ST. PRState: Incorporating genetic ancestry in prostate cancer risk scores for men of African ancestry. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1289. [PMID: 36494783 PMCID: PMC9733391 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PrCa) is one of the most genetically driven solid cancers with heritability estimates as high as 57%. Men of African ancestry are at an increased risk of PrCa; however, current polygenic risk score (PRS) models are based on European ancestry groups and may not be broadly applicable. The objective of this study was to construct an African ancestry-specific PrCa PRS (PRState) and evaluate its performance. METHODS African ancestry group of 4,533 individuals in ELLIPSE consortium was used for discovery of African ancestry-specific PrCa SNPs. PRState was constructed as weighted sum of genotypes and effect sizes from genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PrCa in African ancestry group. Performance was evaluated using ROC-AUC analysis. RESULTS We identified African ancestry-specific PrCa risk loci on chromosomes 3, 8, and 11 and constructed a polygenic risk score (PRS) from 10 African ancestry-specific PrCa risk SNPs, achieving an AUC of 0.61 [0.60-0.63] and 0.65 [0.64-0.67], when combined with age and family history. Performance dropped significantly when using ancestry-mismatched PRS models but remained comparable when using trans-ancestry models. Importantly, we validated the PRState score in the Million Veteran Program (MVP), demonstrating improved prediction of PrCa and metastatic PrCa in individuals of African ancestry. CONCLUSIONS African ancestry-specific PRState improves PrCa prediction in African ancestry groups in ELLIPSE consortium and MVP. This study underscores the need for inclusion of individuals of African ancestry in gene variant discovery to optimize PRSs and identifies African ancestry-specific variants for use in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana S Pagadala
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Science Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | | | - James V Talwar
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tyler M Seibert
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brent Rose
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julie Lynch
- VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Matthew Panizzon
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Behavioral Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard Hauger
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Behavioral Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Moritz H Hansen
- Division of Urology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Jesse D Sammon
- Division of Urology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Matthew H Hayn
- Division of Urology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Karim Kader
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Carter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Stephen T Ryan
- Division of Urology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
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Aboul-Enein BH, Bernstein J, Ross MW. Evidence for Masturbation and Prostate Cancer Risk: Do We Have a Verdict? Sex Med Rev 2016; 4:229-34. [PMID: 27871956 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in men and remains one of the most diagnosed malignancies worldwide. Ongoing public health efforts continue to promote protective factors, such as diet, physical activity, and other lifestyle modifications, against PCa development. Masturbation is a nearly universal safe sexual activity that transcends societal boundaries and geography yet continues to be met with stigma and controversy in contemporary society. Although previous studies have examined associations between sexual activity and PCa risk, anecdotal relations have been suggested regarding masturbation practice and PCa risk. AIM To provide a summary of the published literature and examine the contemporary evidence for relations between masturbation practice and PCa risk. METHODS A survey of the current literature using seven academic electronic databases was conducted using search terms and key words associated with masturbation practice and PCa risk. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The practice of masturbation and its relation to PCa risk. RESULTS The literature search identified study samples (n = 16) published before October 2015. Sample inclusions varied by study type, sample size, and primary objective. Protective relations (n = 7) between ejaculation through masturbation and PCa risk were reported by 44% of the study sample. Age range emerged as a significant variable in the relation between masturbation and PCa. CONCLUSION Findings included relations among masturbation, ejaculation frequency, and age range as individual factors of PCa risk. No universally accepted themes were identified across the study sample. Throughout the sample, there was insufficient agreement in survey design and data reporting. Potential avenues for new research include frequency of ejaculation and age range as covarying factors that could lead to more definitive statements about masturbation practice and PCa risk.
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