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Alba-González A, Yáñez J, Anadón R, Folgueira M. Neurogranin-like immunoreactivity in the zebrafish brain during development. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2593-2607. [PMID: 36018391 PMCID: PMC9618489 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurogranin (Nrgn) is a neural protein that is enriched in the cerebral cortex and is involved in synaptic plasticity via its interaction with calmodulin. Recently we reported its expression in the brain of the adult zebrafish (Alba-González et al. J Comp Neurol 530:1569–1587, 2022). In this study we analyze the development of Nrgn-like immunoreactivity (Nrgn-like-ir) in the brain and sensory structures of zebrafish embryos and larvae, using whole mounts and sections. First Nrgn-like positive neurons appeared by 2 day post-fertilization (dpf) in restricted areas of the brain, mostly in the pallium, epiphysis and hindbrain. Nrgn-like populations increased noticeably by 3 dpf, reaching an adult-like pattern in 6 dpf. Most Nrgn-like positive neurons were observed in the olfactory organ, retina (most ganglion cells, some amacrine and bipolar cells), pallium, lateral hypothalamus, thalamus, optic tectum, torus semicircularis, octavolateralis area, and viscerosensory column. Immunoreactivity was also observed in axonal tracts originating in Nrgn-like neuronal populations, namely, the projection of Nrgn-like immunopositive primary olfactory fibers to olfactory glomeruli, that of Nrgn-like positive pallial cells to the hypothalamus, the Nrgn-like-ir optic nerve to the pretectum and optic tectum, the Nrgn-like immunolabeled lateral hypothalamus to the contralateral region via the horizontal commissure, the octavolateralis area to the midbrain via the lateral lemniscus, and the viscerosensory column to the dorsal isthmus via the secondary gustatory tract. The late expression of Nrgn in zebrafish neurons is probably related to functional maturation of higher brain centers, as reported in the mammalian telencephalon. The analysis of Nrgn expression in the zebrafish brain suggests that it may be a useful marker for specific neuronal circuitries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Alba-González
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15008-A, Coruña, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), University of A Coruña, 15071-A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Julián Yáñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15008-A, Coruña, Spain. .,Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), University of A Coruña, 15071-A, Coruña, Spain.
| | - Ramón Anadón
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mónica Folgueira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15008-A, Coruña, Spain. .,Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), University of A Coruña, 15071-A, Coruña, Spain.
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Alba‐González A, Folgueira M, Castro A, Anadón R, Yáñez J. Distribution of neurogranin-like immunoreactivity in the brain and sensory organs of the adult zebrafish. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:1569-1587. [PMID: 35015905 PMCID: PMC9415131 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We studied the expression of neurogranin in the brain and some sensory organs (barbel taste buds, olfactory organs, and retina) of adult zebrafish. Database analysis shows zebrafish has two paralog neurogranin genes (nrgna and nrgnb) that translate into three peptides with a conserved IQ domain, as in mammals. Western blots of zebrafish brain extracts using an anti-neurogranin antiserum revealed three separate bands, confirming the presence of three neurogranin peptides. Immunohistochemistry shows neurogranin-like expression in the brain and sensory organs (taste buds, neuromasts and olfactory epithelium), not being able to discern its three different peptides. In the retina, the most conspicuous positive cells were bipolar neurons. In the brain, immunopositive neurons were observed in all major regions (pallium, subpallium, preoptic area, hypothalamus, diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon, including the cerebellum), a more extended distribution than in mammals. Interestingly, dendrites, cell bodies and axon terminals of some neurons were immunopositive, thus zebrafish neurogranins may play presynaptic and postsynaptic roles. Most positive neurons were found in primary sensory centers (viscerosensory column and medial octavolateral nucleus) and integrative centers (pallium, subpallium, optic tectum and cerebellum), which have complex synaptic circuitry. However, we also observed expression in areas not related to sensory or integrative functions, such as in cerebrospinal fluid-contacting cells associated with the hypothalamic recesses, which exhibited high neurogranin-like immunoreactivity. Together, these results reveal important differences with the patterns reported in mammals, suggesting divergent evolution from the common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Alba‐González
- Department of Biology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of A CoruñaA CoruñaSpain,Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)University of A CoruñaA CoruñaSpain
| | - Mónica Folgueira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of A CoruñaA CoruñaSpain,Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)University of A CoruñaA CoruñaSpain
| | - Antonio Castro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of A CoruñaA CoruñaSpain,Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)University of A CoruñaA CoruñaSpain
| | - Ramón Anadón
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Julián Yáñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of A CoruñaA CoruñaSpain,Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)University of A CoruñaA CoruñaSpain
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Agnello L, Lo Sasso B, Vidali M, Scazzone C, Piccoli T, Gambino CM, Bivona G, Giglio RV, Ciaccio AM, La Bella V, Ciaccio M. Neurogranin as a Reliable Biomarker for Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122339. [PMID: 34943576 PMCID: PMC8700711 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Neurogranin is a post-synaptic protein expressed in the neurons of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. It has been recently proposed as a promising biomarker of synaptic dysfunction, especially in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, more efforts are needed before introducing it in clinical practice, including the definition of its reference interval (RI). The aim of the study was to establish the RI of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurogranin levels in controls and individuals with non-neurodegenerative neurological diseases; (2) We included a total of 136 individuals that were sub-grouped as follows: AD patients (n = 33), patients with non-neurodegenerative neurological diseases (n = 70) and controls (33). We measured CSF neurogranin levels by a commercial ELISA kit. CSF RI of neurogranin was calculated by a robust method; (3) Results: AD patients showed increased levels of neurogranin. We also found that neurogranin was significantly correlated with T-tau, P-tau and mini mental state examination in AD patients. The lower and upper reference limits of the RI were 2.9 (90%CI 0.1-10.8) and 679 (90%CI 595-779), respectively; (4) Conclusion: This is the first study establishing the RI of CSF neurogranin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Agnello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.A.); (B.L.S.); (C.S.); (C.M.G.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.)
| | - Bruna Lo Sasso
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.A.); (B.L.S.); (C.S.); (C.M.G.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Vidali
- Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Concetta Scazzone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.A.); (B.L.S.); (C.S.); (C.M.G.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.)
| | - Tommaso Piccoli
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Caterina Maria Gambino
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.A.); (B.L.S.); (C.S.); (C.M.G.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.)
| | - Giulia Bivona
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.A.); (B.L.S.); (C.S.); (C.M.G.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.)
| | - Rosaria Vincenza Giglio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.A.); (B.L.S.); (C.S.); (C.M.G.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.)
| | - Anna Maria Ciaccio
- Unit of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo La Bella
- ALS Clinical Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.A.); (B.L.S.); (C.S.); (C.M.G.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0916553296
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