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Kelliher J, Ghosal G, Leung JWC. New answers to the old RIDDLE: RNF168 and the DNA damage response pathway. FEBS J 2022; 289:2467-2480. [PMID: 33797206 PMCID: PMC8486888 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The chromatin-based DNA damage response pathway is tightly orchestrated by histone post-translational modifications, including histone H2A ubiquitination. Ubiquitination plays an integral role in regulating cellular processes including DNA damage signaling and repair. The ubiquitin E3 ligase RNF168 is essential in assembling a cohort of DNA repair proteins at the damaged chromatin via its enzymatic activity. RNF168 ubiquitinates histone H2A(X) at the N terminus and generates a specific docking scaffold for ubiquitin-binding motif-containing proteins. The regulation of RNF168 at damaged chromatin and the mechanistic implication in the recruitment of DNA repair proteins to the damaged sites remain an area of active investigation. Here, we review the function and regulation of RNF168 in the context of ubiquitin-mediated DNA damage signaling and repair. We will also discuss the unanswered questions that require further investigation and how understanding RNF168 targeting specificity could benefit the therapeutic development for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kelliher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Gargi Ghosal
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States,To whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Justin Wai Chung Leung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States,To whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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Schmid JA, Berti M, Walser F, Raso MC, Schmid F, Krietsch J, Stoy H, Zwicky K, Ursich S, Freire R, Lopes M, Penengo L. Histone Ubiquitination by the DNA Damage Response Is Required for Efficient DNA Replication in Unperturbed S Phase. Mol Cell 2018; 71:897-910.e8. [PMID: 30122534 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin ubiquitination by the ubiquitin ligase RNF168 is critical to regulate the DNA damage response (DDR). DDR deficiencies lead to cancer-prone syndromes, but whether this reflects DNA repair defects is still elusive. We identified key factors of the RNF168 pathway as essential mediators of efficient DNA replication in unperturbed S phase. We found that loss of RNF168 leads to reduced replication fork progression and to reversed fork accumulation, particularly evident at repetitive sequences stalling replication. Slow fork progression depends on MRE11-dependent degradation of reversed forks, implicating RNF168 in reversed fork protection and restart. Consistent with regular nucleosomal organization of reversed forks, the replication function of RNF168 requires H2A ubiquitination. As this novel function is shared with the key DDR players ATM, γH2A.X, RNF8, and 53BP1, we propose that double-stranded ends at reversed forks engage classical DDR factors, suggesting an alternative function of this pathway in preventing genome instability and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Andreas Schmid
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Berti
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Walser
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Maria Chiara Raso
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Schmid
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jana Krietsch
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Henriette Stoy
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Zwicky
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Ursich
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, La Cuesta, La Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Lorenza Penengo
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
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Alkhunaizi E, Schrewe B, Alizadehfar R, Vézina C, Stewart GS, Braverman N. Novel 3q27.2-qter deletion in a patient with Diamond-Blackfan anemia and immunodeficiency: Case report and review of literature. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1514-1520. [PMID: 28432740 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
3q27.2-qter deletion syndromes feature an overlapping set of terminal and interstitial deletions with variable congenital malformations. Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is etiologically heterogeneous disorder in which one cause is dominant mutations of the RPL35A gene on 3q29. We report a child with a 3q27.2-qter deletion that contains the RPL35A gene. She had clinical and laboratory features consistent with DBA and as well, an unexplained immunodeficiency disorder. Given these unusual findings, we reviewed other patients in the literature with overlapping genomic deletions. In addition, we evaluated our patient for the immunodeficiency disorder, RIDDLE syndrome, due to recessive mutations in the RNF168 gene on 3q29. A PubMed search for case reports of 3q27.2-qter overlapping deletions was performed. To determine if RPL35A was in the deletion region, the chromosomal regions reported were mapped to genomic regions using the UCSC Genome Browser. We identified 85 overlapping deletions, of which six included the RPL35A gene and all should be had DBA. Interestingly, none of the reported cases had immunodeficiency. To evaluate RIDDLE syndrome (radiosensitivity, immunodeficiency, dysmorphic features, and learning difficulties), we sequenced the remaining RNF168 gene and examined her fibroblast culture for a DNA double strand break repair deficiency. These results were normal, indicating that the immunodeficiency is unlikely to result from a RNF168 deficiency. We show that RPL35A haploinsufficiency is a cause of DBA and we report a novel case with 3q27.2-qter deletion and immunodeficiency. The etiology for the immunodeficiency remains unsolved and could be caused by an unknown gene effect or consequent to the DBA phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Alkhunaizi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brett Schrewe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Reza Alizadehfar
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Vézina
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Grant S Stewart
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nancy Braverman
- Department of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Mermershtain I, Glover JNM. Structural mechanisms underlying signaling in the cellular response to DNA double strand breaks. Mutat Res 2013; 750:15-22. [PMID: 23896398 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) constitute one of the most dangerous forms of DNA damage. In actively replicating cells, these breaks are first recognized by specialized proteins that initiate a signal transduction cascade that modulates the cell cycle and results in the repair of the breaks by homologous recombination (HR). Protein signaling in response to double strand breaks involves phosphorylation and ubiquitination of chromatin and a variety of associated proteins. Here we review the emerging structural principles that underlie how post-translational protein modifications control protein signaling that emanates from these DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Mermershtain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
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