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Chen J, Chen H, Muhammad I, Han T, Zhang D, Li B, Zhou X, Zhou F. Protein kinase D1 promotes the survival of random-pattern skin flaps in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 641:67-76. [PMID: 36525926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In reconstructive surgery, random skin flaps are commonly used tools to cover skin defects, however, their applicability and size are limited by post-operative complications such as marginal ischemia-reperfusion injury and flap necrosis. Protein kinase D1 (PKD1), a calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine kinase, is known to induce angiogenesis and has been shown to mitigate ischemia in cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of PKD1 has not been investigated in skin flaps. METHOD Seventy-five male Sprague-Dawley rats with skin flaps were randomly divided into three groups: control, PKD1, and CID755673. Seven days following surgery, we assessed the general view and survival rate of the flap using histological analysis. Laser Doppler and lead oxide/gelatin angiography were used to evaluate microcirculation blood flow. Histopathological changes, neovascularization and microvascular density (MVD). were examined and calculated using microscopy after H&E staining. Protein expression levels were determined using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry techniques. RESULT PKD1 significantly improved flap survival by upregulating angiogenic factors VEGF and cadherin5 and increasing antioxidant enzymes SOD, eNOS, and HO1, as well as reducing caspase 3, cytochrome c, and Bax expression, and attenuating IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In the PKD1 group, PKD1 increased neovascularization, and blood flow and flap survival areas were larger as compared to the control and CID755673 groups. CONCLUSION These findings show that PKD1 accelerates angiogenesis, reduces oxidative stress, and impedes apoptosis and inflammation, thus resulting in improved flap survival. Our observations indicated that PKD1 could be a therapeutic target for flap failure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Ismail Muhammad
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tao Han
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dupiao Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Xijie Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Feiya Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Wu H, Ding J, Li S, Lin J, Jiang R, Lin C, Dai L, Xie C, Lin D, Xu H, Gao W, Zhou K. Metformin Promotes the Survival of Random-Pattern Skin Flaps by Inducing Autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB signaling pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:325-340. [PMID: 30745824 PMCID: PMC6367544 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.29009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Random-pattern skin flaps are widely used to close defects in reconstructive and plastic surgeries; however, they are vulnerable to necrosis, particularly in the distal portion of the flap. Here, we examined the effects of metformin on flap survival and the mechanisms underlying these effects. Following metformin treatment, the survival area, blood flow, and number of microvessels present in skin flaps were increased on postoperative day 7, whereas tissue edema was reduced. In addition, metformin promoted angiogenesis, inhibited apoptosis, relieved oxidative stress, and increased autophagy in areas of ischemia; these effects were reversed by autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3MA) or chloroquine (CQ). Either 3MA or CQ reversed the metformin-induced increase in flap viability. Moreover, metformin also activated the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB signaling pathway in ischemic areas. Inhibitions of AMPK via Compound C (CC) or AMPK shRNA adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector resulted in the downregulation of the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB signaling pathway and autophagy level in metformin-treated flaps. Taken together, our findings suggest that metformin improves the survival of random-pattern skin flaps by enhancing angiogenesis and suppressing apoptosis and oxidative stress. These effects result from increased autophagy mediated by activation of the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Shihen Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jinti Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Renhao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Li Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chenglong Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Dingsheng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Weiyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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