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Shaashua L, Eckerling A, Israeli B, Yanovich G, Rosenne E, Fichman-Horn S, Ben Zvi I, Sorski L, Haldar R, Satchi-Fainaro R, Geiger T, Sloan EK, Ben-Eliyahu S. Spontaneous regression of micro-metastases following primary tumor excision: a critical role for primary tumor secretome. BMC Biol 2020; 18:163. [PMID: 33158447 PMCID: PMC7646068 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous case studies have reported spontaneous regression of recognized metastases following primary tumor excision, but underlying mechanisms are elusive. Here, we present a model of regression and latency of metastases following primary tumor excision and identify potential underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Using MDA-MB-231HM human breast cancer cells that express highly sensitive luciferase, we monitored early development stages of spontaneous metastases in BALB/c nu/nu mice. Removal of the primary tumor caused marked regression of micro-metastases, but not of larger metastases, and in vivo supplementation of tumor secretome diminished this regression, suggesting that primary tumor-secreted factors promote early metastatic growth. Correspondingly, MDA-MB-231HM-conditioned medium increased in vitro tumor proliferation and adhesion and reduced apoptosis. To identify specific mediating factors, cytokine array and proteomic analysis of MDA-MB-231HM secretome were conducted. The results identified significant enrichment of angiogenesis, growth factor binding and activity, focal adhesion, and metalloprotease and apoptosis regulation processes. Neutralization of MDA-MB-231HM-secreted key mediators of these processes, IL-8, PDGF-AA, Serpin E1 (PAI-1), and MIF, each antagonized secretome-induced proliferation. Moreover, their in vivo simultaneous blockade in the presence of the primary tumor arrested the development of micro-metastases. Interestingly, in the METABRIC cohort of breast cancer patients, elevated expression of Serpin E1, IL-8, or the four factors combined predicted poor survival. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate regression and latency of micro-metastases following primary tumor excision and a crucial role for primary tumor secretome in promoting early metastatic growth in MDA-MB-231HM xenografts. If generalized, such findings can suggest novel approaches to control micro-metastases and minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Shaashua
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anabel Eckerling
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Boaz Israeli
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gali Yanovich
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ella Rosenne
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Suzana Fichman-Horn
- Pathology Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Ido Ben Zvi
- Neurosurgery Department, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Liat Sorski
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rita Haldar
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Geiger
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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