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Tucci M, Cosmai L, Pirovano M, Campisi I, Re SGV, Porta C, Gallieni M, Piergiorgio M. How to deal with renal toxicities from immune-based combination treatments in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. A nephrological consultation for Oncologists. Cancer Treat Rev 2024; 125:102692. [PMID: 38492515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
We are witnessing a revolution in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Indeed, several immune-based combinations (ICI [immune checkpoint inhibitor] + ICI, or ICI + antiangiogenic agents) have been approved as first-line therapy for mRCC after demonstrating superior efficacy over the previous standard. Despite all the improvements made, safety remains a critical issue, adverse events (AEs) being the main reason for drug discontinuations or dose reductions, ultimately resulting in an increased risk of losing efficacy. Thus, a good understanding of the AEs associated with the use of immune-based combinations, their prevention, and management, are key in order to maximize therapeutic effectiveness. Among these AEs, renal ones are relatively frequent, but always difficult to be diagnosed, not to take into account that it is often difficult to determine which drug is to blame for such toxicities. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common finding in patients with RCC, either as a pre-existing condition and/or as a consequence of cancer and its treatment; furthermore, CKD, especially in advanced stages and in patients undergoing dialysis, may influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties of anticancer agents. Finally, managing cancer therapy in kidney transplanted patients is another challenge. In this review, we discuss the therapy management of immune-based combinations in patients with CKD, on dialysis, or transplanted, as well as their renal toxicities, with a focus on their prevention, detection and practical management, taking into account the crucial role of the consulting nephrologist within the multidisciplinary care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Tucci
- Division of Medical Oncology, "Cardinal Massaia" Hospital, Asti, Italy
| | - Laura Cosmai
- Onconephrology Outpatient Clinic, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy; Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marta Pirovano
- Onconephrology Outpatient Clinic, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy; Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Campisi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Sartò Giulia Vanessa Re
- Onconephrology Outpatient Clinic, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy; Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy.
| | - Camillo Porta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy; Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Gallieni
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Messa Piergiorgio
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Paschke L, Lincke T, Mühlberg KS, Jabs WJ, Lindner TH, Paschke R. Anti VEGF-TKI Treatment and New Renal Adverse Events Not Reported in Phase III Trials. Eur Thyroid J 2018; 7:308-312. [PMID: 30574461 PMCID: PMC6276742 DOI: 10.1159/000491387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cabozantinib and lenvatinib have been approved for the treatment of progressive medullary thyroid cancer and radioiodine-resistant thyroid cancer, respectively. Both phase III trials of cabozantinib and lenvatinib reported that renal adverse events (AEs) rarely occurred. The cabozantinib phase III study reported no AEs related to renal toxicity. In the lenvatinib phase III trial grade 3 (CTCAE), proteinuria (urinary protein ≥3.5 g/24 h) was found in 10.0% of the lenvatinib and 0.0% of the placebo patients. We report a 23-year-old patient with metastatic medullary thyroid cancer who was enrolled in the phase III trial, comparing cabozantinib to placebo and a 67-year-old patient with metastatic, papillary thyroid carcinoma who was undergoing treatment with lenvatinib during his enrollment in the phase III trial. The first patient had a normal kidney function initially, but developed end-stage chronic kidney disease unexpectedly on cabozantinib and additional zoledronate infusion. Whereas the second patient suffered from a dramatic aggravation of his known mild chronic renal insufficiency (KDOQI stage 2) due to long standing hypertension and atherosclerosis during the treatment with lenvatinib. These severe AEs due to anti-VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment were unknown so far. In conclusion, these 2 cases argue for increased awareness for the possibility of renal failure as a consequence of anti-VEFG treatment. Predisposing conditions like known mild chronic renal insufficiency with only mild proteinuria and with atherosclerosis or precipitating co-medications like zoledronate infusion need to be accounted for to prevent these severe AEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Paschke
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Division of Endocrinology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Lincke
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Tom H. Lindner
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Paschke
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- *Ralf Paschke, MD, PhD, Departments of Medicine, Oncology, Pathology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 382B Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 (Canada), E-Mail
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