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Lee KK, Doudesis D, Ross DA, Bularga A, MacKintosh CL, Koch O, Johannessen I, Templeton K, Jenks S, Chapman AR, Shah ASV, Anand A, Perry MR, Mills NL. Diagnostic performance of the combined nasal and throat swab in patients admitted to hospital with suspected COVID-19. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:318. [PMID: 33823800 PMCID: PMC8022129 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05976-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate diagnosis in patients with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is essential to guide treatment and limit spread of the virus. The combined nasal and throat swab is used widely, but its diagnostic performance is uncertain. METHODS In a prospective, multi-centre, cohort study conducted in secondary and tertiary care hospitals in Scotland, we evaluated the combined nasal and throat swab with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in consecutive patients admitted to hospital with suspected COVID-19. Diagnostic performance of the index and serial tests was evaluated for a primary outcome of confirmed or probable COVID-19, and a secondary outcome of confirmed COVID-19 on serial testing. The diagnosis was adjudicated by a panel, who recorded clinical, laboratory and radiological features blinded to the test results. RESULTS We enrolled 1368 consecutive patients (median age 68 [interquartile range, IQR 53-80] years, 47% women) who underwent a total of 3822 tests (median 2 [IQR 1-3] tests per patient). The primary outcome occurred in 36% (496/1368), of whom 65% (323/496) and 35% (173/496) had confirmed and probable COVID-19, respectively. The index test was positive in 255/496 (51%) patients with the primary outcome, giving a sensitivity and specificity of 51.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 48.8 to 54.1%) and 99.5% (95% CI 99.0 to 99.8%). Sensitivity increased in those undergoing 2, 3 or 4 tests to 60.1% (95% CI 56.7 to 63.4%), 68.3% (95% CI 64.0 to 72.3%) and 77.6% (95% CI 72.7 to 81.9%), respectively. The sensitivity of the index test was 78.9% (95% CI 74.4 to 83.2%) for the secondary outcome of confirmed COVID-19 on serial testing. CONCLUSIONS In patients admitted to hospital, a single combined nasal and throat swab with RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 has excellent specificity, but limited diagnostic sensitivity for COVID-19. Diagnostic performance is significantly improved by repeated testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Ken Lee
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Dimitrios Doudesis
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniella A Ross
- Regional Infectious Disease Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anda Bularga
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | | | - Oliver Koch
- Regional Infectious Disease Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Kate Templeton
- Department of Clinical Virology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sara Jenks
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew R Chapman
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Anoop S V Shah
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Atul Anand
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Meghan R Perry
- Regional Infectious Disease Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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