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Hong M, Wang J, Chen H, Qi J, Ji Q, Liu X, Yue Q, Li L, Cheng S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of folic acid-rotenol conjugate as a potent targeted anticancer prodrug. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 970:176482. [PMID: 38452835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Rotenone, a plant-based agricultural insecticide, has been shown to have anti-tumor activity through targeting mitochondrial complex I in cancer cells. However, off-target toxic side effect on nervous systems have greatly restricted the application of rotenone as anticancer drugs. Here, a folic acid-rotenol (FA-rotenol) conjugate was prepared by covalent coupling of the tumor-targeting ligand folic acid with rotenone derivative-rotenol to enhance its accumulation at tumor site. FA-rotenol conjugates present high in vitro cytotoxicties against several cell lines by inducing mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and increasing the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) to activate the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and enhance the G2/M cell cycle arrest. Because of the high affinity with over-expressed folate receptors, FA-rotenol conjugate demonstrated more effective in vivo therapeutic outcomes in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice than rotenone and rotenol. In addition, FA-rotenol conjugate can markedly inhibit the cell migration and invasion of HepG-2 cells. These studies confirm the feasibility of tumor-targeted ligand conjugated rotenone derivatives for targeted antitumor therapy; likewise, they lay the foundations for the development of other rotenol-conjugates with antitumor potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Haobin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Jiayu Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Qinghong Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Qiaoli Yue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Shuang Cheng
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
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