1
|
Senthil Kumar S, Gunda V, Reinartz DM, Pond KW, Thorne CA, Santiago Raj PV, Johnson MDL, Wilson JE. Oral streptococci S. anginosus and S. mitis induce distinct morphological, inflammatory, and metabolic signatures in macrophages. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0053623. [PMID: 38289109 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00536-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral streptococci, key players in oral biofilm formation, are implicated in oral dysbiosis and various clinical conditions, including dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease, and oral cancer. Specifically, Streptococcus anginosus is associated with esophageal, gastric, and pharyngeal cancers, while Streptococcus mitis is linked to oral cancer. However, no study has investigated the mechanistic links between these Streptococcus species and cancer-related inflammatory responses. As an initial step, we probed the innate immune response triggered by S. anginosus and S. mitis in RAW264.7 macrophages. These bacteria exerted time- and dose-dependent effects on macrophage morphology without affecting cell viability. Compared with untreated macrophages, macrophages infected with S. anginosus exhibited a robust proinflammatory response characterized by significantly increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and mediators, including TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, NOS2, and COX2, accompanied by enhanced NF-κB activation. In contrast, S. mitis-infected macrophages failed to elicit a robust inflammatory response. Seahorse Xfe96 analysis revealed an increased extracellular acidification rate in macrophages infected with S. anginosus compared with S. mitis. At the 24-h time point, the presence of S. anginosus led to reduced extracellular itaconate, while S. mitis triggered increased itaconate levels, highlighting distinct metabolic profiles in macrophages during infection in contrast to aconitate decarboxylase expression observed at the 6-h time point. This initial investigation highlights how S. anginosus and S. mitis, two Gram-positive bacteria from the same genus, can prompt distinct immune responses and metabolic shifts in macrophages during infection.IMPORTANCEThe surge in head and neck cancer cases among individuals devoid of typical risk factors such as Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and tobacco and alcohol use sparks an argumentative discussion around the emerging role of oral microbiota as a novel risk factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). While substantial research has dissected the gut microbiome's influence on physiology, the oral microbiome, notably oral streptococci, has been underappreciated during mucosal immunopathogenesis. Streptococcus anginosus, a viridans streptococci group, has been linked to abscess formation and an elevated presence in esophageal cancer and OSCC. The current study aims to probe the innate immune response to S. anginosus compared with the early colonizer Streptococcus mitis as an important first step toward understanding the impact of distinct oral Streptococcus species on the host immune response, which is an understudied determinant of OSCC development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Senthil Kumar
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Venugopal Gunda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Dakota M Reinartz
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kelvin W Pond
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Curtis A Thorne
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Michael D L Johnson
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Justin E Wilson
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Esmail GA, Al-Dhabi NA, AlDawood B, Somily AM. Shotgun whole genome sequencing of drug-resistance Streptococcus anginosus strain 47S1 isolated from a patient with pharyngitis in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:1740-1749. [PMID: 34836797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus anginosus is an emergence opportunistic pathogen that colonize the human upper respiratory tract (URT), S. anginosus alongside with S. intermedius and S. constellatus, members of S. anginosus group, are implicated in several human infections. However, our understanding this bacterium to the genotype level with determining the genes associated with pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is scarce. S. anginosus 47S1 strain was isolated from sore throat infection, the whole genome was characterized and the virulence & AMR genes contributing in pathogenicity were investigated. METHODOLOGY The whole genome of 47S1 was sequenced by Illumina sequencing technology. Strain 47S1 genome was de novo assembled with different strategies and annotated via PGAP, PROKKA and RAST pipelines. Identifying the CRISPR-Cass system and prophages sequences was performed using CRISPRloci and PhiSpy tools respectively. Prediction the virulence genes were performed with the VFDB database. AMR genes were detected in silico using NCBI AMRFinderPlus pipeline and CARD database and compared with in vitro AST findings. RESULTS β-hemolytic strain 47S1 was identified with conventional microbiology techniques and confirmed by the sequences of 16S rRNA gene. Genome of 47S1 comprised of 1981512 bp. Type I-C CRISPR-Cas system and 4 prophages were detected among the genome of 47S1. Several virulence genes were predicted, most of these genes are found in other pathogenic streptococci, mainly lmb, pavA, htrA/degP, eno, sagA, psaA and cpsI which play a significant role in colonizing, invading host tissues and evade form immune system. In silico AMR findings showed that 47S1 gnome harbors (tetA, tetB &tet32), (aac(6')-I, aadK &aph(3')-IVa), fusC, and PmrA genes that mediated-resistance to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, fusidic acid, and fluoroquinolone respectively which corresponds with in vitro AST obtained results. In conclusion, WGS is a key approach to predict the virulence and AMR genes, results obtained in this study may contribute for a better understanding of the opportunistic S. anginosus pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galal Ali Esmail
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Badr AlDawood
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Mohammed Somily
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine/Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gravey F, Galopin S, Grall N, Auzou M, Andremont A, Leclercq R, Cattoir V. Lincosamide resistance mediated by lnu(C) (L phenotype) in a Streptococcus anginosus clinical isolate. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2464-7. [PMID: 23812683 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Unique resistance to lincosamides (L phenotype) due to the production of nucleotidyltransferases (Lnu) is uncommon among Gram-positive bacteria. The aim of the study was to characterize the L phenotype in a clinical isolate of the Streptococcus milleri group. METHODS The strain UCN93 was recovered from neonatal specimens and from the mother's vaginal swab. Identification was confirmed by sequencing of the sodA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by the disc diffusion method, while MICs were determined using the agar dilution method. Screening for lnu(A), lnu(B), lnu(C) and lnu(D) genes was performed by PCR. Genetic environment and support were determined by thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR and PCR mapping. The transfer of lincomycin resistance was also attempted by conjugation. RESULTS UCN93 was unambiguously identified as Streptococcus anginosus. It was susceptible to all tested antibiotics, except lincomycin (MIC, 8 mg/L) and tetracycline (2 mg/L). The lnu(C) gene was found to be responsible for the L phenotype. It was shown that lnu(C) was associated with a gene coding for a transposase within a structure similar to the transposon MTnSag1, described once in Streptococcus agalactiae. Since MTnSag1 was found to be mobilized by Tn916 and S. anginosus UCN93 harboured a Tn916 transposon, several attempts at transfer were performed but they all failed. The lnu(C)-containing genetic element was inserted into a chromosomal intergenic sequence of S. anginosus. CONCLUSIONS Since lnu(C) has been detected in only one S. agalactiae clinical isolate so far, this is its second description among clinically relevant streptococci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Gravey
- CHU de Caen, Service de Microbiologie & CNR de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques (laboratoire associé 'entérocoques et résistances particulières des bactéries à Gram positif'), F-14033 Caen, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|