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Iijima M, Takemi S, Aizawa S, Sakai T, Sakata I. The suppressive effect of REVERBs on ghrelin and GOAT transcription in gastric ghrelin-producing cells. Neuropeptides 2021; 90:102187. [PMID: 34450431 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a multifunctional gut peptide with a unique structure, which is modified by a medium chain fatty acid at the third serine by ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT). It is well known that the major source of plasma ghrelin is the stomach, but the transcriptional regulation of gastric ghrelin and GOAT is incompletely understood. Here, we studied the involvement of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ on ghrelin and GOAT gene expression in vivo and in vitro. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ mRNAs were expressed in the stomach and a stomach-derived ghrelin cell line (SG-1 cells). In vivo experiments with mice revealed the circadian rhythm of ghrelin, GOAT, and REV-ERBs. The peak expression of ghrelin and GOAT mRNAs occurred at Zeitgeber time (ZT) 4, whereas that of REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ was observed at ZT8 and ZT12, respectively. Treatment of SG-1 cells with SR9009, a REV-ERB agonist, led to a significant reduction in ghrelin and GOAT mRNA levels. Overexpression of REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ decreased ghrelin and GOAT mRNA levels in SG-1 cells. In contrast, small-interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated double-knockdown of REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ in SG-1 cells led to the upregulation in the expression of ghrelin and GOAT mRNAs. These results suggest that REV-ERBs suppress ghrelin and GOAT mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Iijima
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Sayaka Aizawa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Professor emeritus, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Liu X, Chen P, Li X, Ba M, Jiao X, Guo Y, Xie P. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted (+)- SG-1 derivatives as novel anti-HIV agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1699-1703. [PMID: 29699924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SG-1 was previously identified as a potent Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) which works through inhibition of reverse transcriptase (RT) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity via a direct binding event. To further investigate the relationship between its structure and activity, four series of novel analogues were designed and synthesized with 12 of them inhibiting HIV-1 replication with IC50s in the range 0.09-6.71 μM. Compound 4b, 4c, 4f, 2 and 6b were further tested on two NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 strains and one NNRTI-resistant superbug. The result showed that RT- E138K/M184V mutant virus conferred 4.7-9.1-fold resistance to 4c, 4f, 2 and 6b, but only showed slight resistance to 4b (2-fold) which was better than SG-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyu Ba
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhen Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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