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Mueller P, Zieger MM, Richter B, Quick AS, Fischer J, Mueller JB, Zhou L, Nienhaus GU, Bastmeyer M, Barner-Kowollik C, Wegener M. Molecular Switch for Sub-Diffraction Laser Lithography by Photoenol Intermediate-State Cis-Trans Isomerization. ACS Nano 2017; 11:6396-6403. [PMID: 28582617 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in stimulated-emission depletion (STED) microscopy have led to a step change in the achievable resolution and allowed breaking the diffraction limit by large factors. The core principle is based on a reversible molecular switch, allowing for light-triggered activation and deactivation in combination with a laser focus that incorporates a point or line of zero intensity. In the past years, the concept has been transferred from microscopy to maskless laser lithography, namely direct laser writing (DLW), in order to overcome the diffraction limit for optical lithography. Herein, we propose and experimentally introduce a system that realizes such a molecular switch for lithography. Specifically, the population of intermediate-state photoenol isomers of α-methyl benzaldehydes generated by two-photon absorption at 700 nm fundamental wavelength can be reversibly depleted by simultaneous irradiation at 440 nm, suppressing the subsequent Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction which constitutes the chemical core of the writing process. We demonstrate the potential of the proposed mechanism for STED-inspired DLW by covalently functionalizing the surface of glass substrates via the photoenol-driven STED-inspired process exploiting reversible photoenol activation with a polymerization initiator. Subsequently, macromolecules are grown from the functionalized areas and the spatially coded glass slides are characterized by atomic-force microscopy. Our approach allows lines with a full-width-at-half-maximum of down to 60 nm and line gratings with a lateral resolution of 100 nm to be written, both surpassing the diffraction limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mueller
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus M Zieger
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander S Quick
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Joachim Fischer
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jonathan B Mueller
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lu Zhou
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Buchegger B, Kreutzer J, Plochberger B, Wollhofen R, Sivun D, Jacak J, Schütz GJ, Schubert U, Klar TA. Stimulated Emission Depletion Lithography with Mercapto-Functional Polymers. ACS Nano 2016; 10:1954-9. [PMID: 26816204 PMCID: PMC4768287 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface reactive nanostructures were fabricated using stimulated emission depletion (STED) lithography. The functionalization of the nanostructures was realized by copolymerization of a bifunctional metal oxo cluster in the presence of a triacrylate monomer. Ligands of the cluster surface cross-link to the monomer during the lithographic process, whereas unreacted mercapto functionalized ligands are transferred to the polymer and remain reactive after polymer formation of the surface of the nanostructure. The depletion efficiency in dependence of the cluster loading was investigated and full depletion of the STED effect was observed with a cluster loading exceeding 4 wt %. A feature size by λ/11 was achieved by using a donut-shaped depletion beam. The reactivity of the mercapto groups on the surface of the nanostructure was tested by incubation with mercapto-reactive fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Buchegger
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Johannes Kreutzer
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Plochberger
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Upper
Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Linz, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Richard Wollhofen
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Dmitry Sivun
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Upper
Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Linz, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Gerhard J. Schütz
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Schubert
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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