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Allers M, Bakker PA, Hoeksma J, Spaink HP, den Hertog J. Loss of Shp1 impairs myeloid cell function and causes lethal inflammation in zebrafish larvae. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:286663. [PMID: 36645087 PMCID: PMC9922729 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PTPN6 encodes SHP1, a protein tyrosine phosphatase with an essential role in immune cell function. SHP1 mutations are associated with neutrophilic dermatoses and emphysema in humans, which resembles the phenotype seen in motheaten mice that lack functional SHP1. To investigate the function of Shp1 in developing zebrafish embryos, we generated a ptpn6 knockout zebrafish line lacking functional Shp1. Shp1 knockout caused severe inflammation and lethality around 17 days post fertilization (dpf). During early development, the myeloid lineage was affected, resulting in a decrease in the number of neutrophils and a concomitant increase in the number of macrophages. The number of emerging hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) was decreased, but due to hyperproliferation, the number of HSPCs was higher in ptpn6 mutants than in siblings at 5 dpf. Finally, the directional migration of neutrophils and macrophages was decreased in response to wounding, and fewer macrophages were recruited to the wound site. Yet, regeneration of the caudal fin fold was normal. We conclude that loss of Shp1 impaired neutrophil and macrophage function, and caused severe inflammation and lethality at the larval stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Allers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra A Bakker
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jelmer Hoeksma
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Abstract
Organisms can adapt to a broad spectrum of sudden and dramatic changes in their environment. These abrupt changes are often perceived as stress and trigger responses that facilitate survival and eventual adaptation. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is involved in most cellular processes. Unsurprisingly, components of the UPS also play crucial roles during various stress response programs. The budding yeast SCFMet30 complex is an essential cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase that connects metabolic and heavy metal stress to cell cycle regulation. Cadmium exposure results in the active dissociation of the F-box protein Met30 from the core ligase, leading to SCFMet30 inactivation. Consequently, SCFMet30 substrate ubiquitylation is blocked and triggers a downstream cascade to activate a specific transcriptional stress response program. Signal-induced dissociation is initiated by autoubiquitylation of Met30 and serves as a recruitment signal for the AAA-ATPase Cdc48/p97, which actively disassembles the complex. Here we show that the UBX cofactor Shp1/p47 is an additional key element for SCFMet30 disassembly during heavy metal stress. Although the cofactor can directly interact with the ATPase, Cdc48 and Shp1 are recruited independently to SCFMet30 during cadmium stress. An intact UBX domain is crucial for effective SCFMet30 disassembly, and a concentration threshold of Shp1 recruited to SCFMet30 needs to be exceeded to initiate Met30 dissociation. The latter is likely related to Shp1-mediated control of Cdc48 ATPase activity. This study identifies Shp1 as the crucial Cdc48 cofactor for signal-induced selective disassembly of a multisubunit protein complex to modulate activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Lauinger
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1700
| | - Karin Flick
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1700
| | - James L Yen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1700
| | - Radhika Mathur
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1700
| | - Peter Kaiser
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1700
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3
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Watanabe M, Kaneko Y, Ohishi Y, Kinoshita M, Sakairi T, Ikeuchi H, Maeshima A, Saito Y, Ohnishi H, Nojima Y, Matozaki T, Hiromura K. Importance of methodology in the evaluation of renal mononuclear phagocytes and analysis of a model of experimental nephritis with Shp1 conditional knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 22:100741. [PMID: 32154390 PMCID: PMC7057148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident mononuclear phagocytes (Mophs), comprising monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), play important roles under physiological and pathological conditions. The presence of these cells in the kidney has been known for decades, and studies of renal Mophs (rMophs) are currently underway. Since no unified procedure has been identified to isolate rMophs, results of flow cytometric analysis of rMophs have been inconsistent among studies. We therefore first evaluated a preparative method for rMophs using collagenous digestion. The yield of rMophs greatly increased after the collagenase digestion. In particular, F4/80high rMophs, which were positive for CD11c, a specific marker of DCs, dramatically increased. In addition, since neutrophils are sometimes mixed among rMophs in the analysis of flow cytometry, we established a gating strategy for eliminating neutrophils. To determine the contribution of rMophs to the development of autoimmune nephritis, we analyzed an experimental model of autoimmune nephritis that was applied to Shp1 conditional knockout mice (Shp1 CKO). This knockout strain is generated by crossing a mouse line carrying floxed Shp1 allele to mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the CD11c promoter. Shp1 CKO therefore specifically lack Shp1 in cells expressing CD11c. As a result, Shp1 CKO were susceptible to that experimental glomerulonephritis and F4/80high rMophs of Shp1 CKO increased dramatically. In conclusion, our preparative methods for collagenase digestion and gating strategy for neutrophils are necessary for the analysis of rMophs, and Shp1 suppresses the development of autoimmune nephritis through the control of rMophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Watanabe
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoriaki Kaneko
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yuko Ohishi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Toru Sakairi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Ikeuchi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akito Maeshima
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Saito
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nojima
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Matozaki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Keiju Hiromura
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Abstract
Shp1 is a cytosolic tyrosine phosphatase that regulates a broad range of cellular functions and targets, modulating the flow of information from the cell membrane to the nucleus. While initially studied in the hematopoietic system, research conducted over the past years has expanded our understanding of the biological role of Shp1 to other tissues, proposing it as a novel tumor suppressor gene functionally involved in different hallmarks of cancer. The main mechanism by which Shp1 curbs cancer development and progression is the ability to attenuate and/or terminate signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. Thus, alterations in Shp1 function or expression can contribute to several human diseases, particularly cancer. In cancer cells, Shp1 activity can indeed be affected by mutations or epigenetic silencing that cause failure of Shp1-mediated homeostatic maintenance. This review will discuss the current knowledge of the cellular functions controlled by Shp1 in non-hematopoietic tissues and solid tumors, the mechanisms that regulate Shp1 expression, the role of its mutation/expression status in cancer and its value as potential target for cancer treatment. In addition, we report information gathered from the public available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database on Shp1 genomic alterations and correlation with survival in solid cancers patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Varone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Spano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Corda
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Varone A, Mariggiò S, Patheja M, Maione V, Varriale A, Vessichelli M, Spano D, Formiggini F, Lo Monte M, Brancati N, Frucci M, Del Vecchio P, D'Auria S, Flagiello A, Iannuzzi C, Luini A, Pucci P, Banci L, Valente C, Corda D. A signalling cascade involving receptor-activated phospholipase A 2, glycerophosphoinositol 4-phosphate, Shp1 and Src in the activation of cell motility. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:20. [PMID: 30823936 PMCID: PMC6396489 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shp1, a tyrosine-phosphatase-1 containing the Src-homology 2 (SH2) domain, is involved in inflammatory and immune reactions, where it regulates diverse signalling pathways, usually by limiting cell responses through dephosphorylation of target molecules. Moreover, Shp1 regulates actin dynamics. One Shp1 target is Src, which controls many cellular functions including actin dynamics. Src has been previously shown to be activated by a signalling cascade initiated by the cytosolic-phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) metabolite glycerophosphoinositol 4-phosphate (GroPIns4P), which enhances actin polymerisation and motility. While the signalling cascade downstream Src has been fully defined, the mechanism by which GroPIns4P activates Src remains unknown. Methods Affinity chromatography, mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation studies were employed to identify the GroPIns4P-interactors; among these Shp1 was selected for further analysis. The specific Shp1 residues interacting with GroPIns4P were revealed by NMR and validated by site-directed mutagenesis and biophysical methods such as circular dichroism, isothermal calorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance and computational modelling. Morphological and motility assays were performed in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Results We find that Shp1 is the direct cellular target of GroPIns4P. GroPIns4P directly binds to the Shp1-SH2 domain region (with the crucial residues being Ser 118, Arg 138 and Ser 140) and thereby promotes the association between Shp1 and Src, and the dephosphorylation of the Src-inhibitory phosphotyrosine in position 530, resulting in Src activation. As a consequence, fibroblast cells exposed to GroPIns4P show significantly enhanced wound healing capability, indicating that GroPIns4P has a stimulatory role to activate fibroblast migration. GroPIns4P is produced by cPLA2 upon stimulation by diverse receptors, including the EGF receptor. Indeed, endogenously-produced GroPIns4P was shown to mediate the EGF-induced cell motility. Conclusions This study identifies a so-far undescribed mechanism of Shp1/Src modulation that promotes cell motility and that is dependent on the cPLA2 metabolite GroPIns4P. We show that GroPIns4P is required for EGF-induced fibroblast migration and that it is part of a cPLA2/GroPIns4P/Shp1/Src cascade that might have broad implications for studies of immune-inflammatory response and cancer. ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0329-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Varone
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Mariggiò
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Manpreet Patheja
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Maione
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Antonio Varriale
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Via Roma 64, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Mariangela Vessichelli
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Spano
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Formiggini
- Italian Institute of Technology, Centre for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care at CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Lo Monte
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Brancati
- Institute of High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Frucci
- Institute of High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Pompea Del Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabato D'Auria
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Via Roma 64, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Angela Flagiello
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnology, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Clara Iannuzzi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.,Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. de Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Piero Pucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Advanced Biotechnology, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Banci
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Carmen Valente
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Corda
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Mehta M, Brzostek J, Chen EW, Tung DWH, Chen S, Sankaran S, Yap J, Rybakin V, Gascoigne NRJ. Themis-associated phosphatase activity controls signaling in T cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11331-40. [PMID: 30413615 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720209115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymocyte-expressed molecule involved in selection (Themis) regulates T cell selection. Absence of Themis leads to severely reduced numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells, indicating a defect in T cell selection. The molecular mechanism of Themis involvement is not clear. Themis was shown to bind to Src-homology domain containing phosphatase-1 (Shp1), which is a known negative regulator of T cell receptor signaling. Here, using a very sensitive technique to measure phosphatase activity from immunoprecipitated proteins, we find that Themis positively regulates Shp1 phosphatase activity in thymocytes. Shp1 activity is reduced in the absence of Themis, thus providing an explanation for why Themis-deficient thymocytes respond more strongly to positive-selecting ligands, resulting in fewer thymocytes reaching maturity. Thymocyte-expressed molecule involved in selection (Themis) has been shown to be important for T cell selection by setting the threshold for positive versus negative selection. Themis interacts with the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) Src-homology domain containing phosphatase-1 (Shp1), a negative regulator of the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling cascade. However, how Themis regulates Shp1 is still not clear. Here, using a very sensitive phosphatase assay on ex vivo thymocytes, we have found that Themis enhances Shp1 phosphatase activity by increasing its phosphorylation. This positive regulation of Shp1 activity by Themis is found in thymocytes, but not in peripheral T cells. Shp1 activity is modulated by different affinity peptide MHC ligand binding in thymocytes. Themis is also associated with phosphatase activity, due to its constitutive interaction with Shp1. In the absence of Shp1 in thymocytes, Themis interacts with Shp2, which leads to almost normal thymic development in Shp1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Double deletion of both Themis and Shp1 leads to a thymic phenotype similar to that of Themis KO. These findings demonstrate unequivocally that Themis positively regulates Shp1 phosphatase activity in TCR-mediated signaling in developing thymocytes.
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