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Xu Y, Zhang N, Xiong L, Sun D, Chen Z, Chen L. A new phenylpropanoid-substituted epicatechin from the rhizome of Smilax china. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3409-3417. [PMID: 35587788 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2078322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new phenylpropanoid-substituted epicatechin, (2 R,3S,9R)-methyl {2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,8a,4a-tetrahydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H,12H-pyrano[2,3-α]xanthen-12-yl}acetate (1) was isolated from the rhizome of Smilax china, along with twelve known compounds (2 - 13), which were isolated from the Smilax genus for the first time. On the basis of chemical evidences and spectral data analysis (UV, ECD, 1 D and 2 D-NMR, HR-ESI-MS), the structures of compound 1 was elucidated. Furthermore, all compounds have been tested for their inhibitory effects on NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, and compounds 6, 7, 11 and 13 have obvious inhibitory effect, in which the IC50 value of compound 7 reached 11.63 ± 1.29 μM. Through target screening and molecular docking, we can speculate that compound 7 may exert its anti-inflammatory effect by binding to MAPKAP kinase 2 and Leukocyte Proteases Cathepsin G & Chymase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Xiong
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Boby N, Lee EB, Abbas MA, Park NH, Lee SP, Ali MS, Lee SJ, Park SC. Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Alcohol Metabolism Regulation by GABA-Enriched Fermented Smilax china Root Extract in Rats. Foods 2021; 10:2381. [PMID: 34681429 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption can cause hepatic injury and alcohol-induced toxicities. Extracts from Smilax china root have been widely used in traditional medicine and for their potential pharmacological benefits. We aimed to determine if fermented Smilax china extract (FSC) regulates alcoholic fatty liver and liver injury using two in vivo experiments. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered ethanol (3 g/kg b.w.; po) with or without FSC pretreatment to induce an acute hangover. In another experiment, rats were fed either a normal or Lieber-DeCarli ethanol (6.7%) diet with or without FSC pretreatment (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg b.w.; po) for 28 days. Serum biomarkers, liver histopathology, and the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, lipogenic, and lipolytic genes were analyzed. FSC pretreatment significantly reduced blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations, upregulated the mRNA expression of alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase, and decreased the activities of liver enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. It also downregulated SERBP-1c and upregulated PPAR-α and reduced the gene expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the liver. The final extract after fermentation had increased GABA content. Furthermore, FSC was found to be safe with no acute oral toxicity in female rats. Thus, FSC increases alcohol metabolism and exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects to induce hepatoprotection against alcohol-induced damage. It may be used as a functional food ingredient after excess alcohol consumption.
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Li Y, Won KJ, Kim DY, Kim HB, Kang HM, Lee SY, Lee HM. Positive Promoting Effects of Smilax China Flower Absolute on the Wound Healing/Skin Barrier Repair-Related Responses of HaCaT Human Skin Keratinocytes. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2001051. [PMID: 33738961 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Smilax china (SC) has pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory activity, but its effects on skin wound healing and skin barrier function have not been investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of absolute extracted from SC flowers (SCF) on skin wound healing-linked responses and functional skin barrier proteins using human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). SCF absolute contained 20 components and was non-toxic to HaCaT cells. The absolute increased the proliferation, migration, and sprout outgrowth of HaCaT cells, and enhanced the activations of serine/threonine-specific protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2. In addition, it increased the syntheses of type I and IV collagens and the expressions of skin barrier proteins (filaggrin and loricrin). These results indicate SCF absolute may has positive effects on skin wound healing by accelerating keratinocyte migration and proliferation activities and collagen synthesis, and on skin barrier function by upregulating barrier proteins in keratinocytes. We suggest SCF absolute to be considered as a potential means of promoting skin wound and barrier repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Li
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, South Korea
| | - Kyung Jong Won
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Do Yoon Kim
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, South Korea
| | - Ha Bin Kim
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, South Korea
| | - Hye Min Kang
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, South Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, South Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Lee
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, South Korea
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Qadir A, Aqil M, Ali A, Ahmad FJ, Ahmad S, Arif M, Khan N. GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extracts of Smilax china and Salix alba and their antioxidant activity. Turk J Chem 2021; 44:352-363. [PMID: 33488162 PMCID: PMC7671229 DOI: 10.3906/kim-1907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Smilax china
L. (family Smilacaceae) and
Salix alba
L. (family Salicaceae) are plants that have been traditionally used to treat various ailments in Indian and Chinese medicine. A quantitative estimation of the methanolic extracts of these plants was performed by GC-MS analysis to obtain insight into its phytoconstituents responsible for therapeutic action. The antioxidant potential of the methanol extracts of
Smilax china
(MESC) and
Salix alba
(MESA) were assessed with DPPH by using a UV spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 517 nm. The prevailing compounds found in MESC were lactam sugars including 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-dihydroxy-3(2H)-furanon (1.40%), 1,5-anhydro-6-deoxyhexo-2,3-diulose (4.33%), and alpha-methyl-1-sorboside (1.80%); the two alkaloids found were 1,4-methane-4,4a,5,6,7,8,9,9a-octahydro-10,10-dimethyl cyclohepta[d] pyridazine (0.87%) and 1,3,7-trimethyl-2,6-dioxopurine(0.54%); terpenes included deltacadinene (0.39%), terpineol, (+)-cedrol (22.13%), 3-thujanol (0.77%), and 9,10-dehydro-cycloisolongifolene (0.34%); fatty acids included cis-vaccenic acid (4.98%) and telfairic acid (1.10%); esters included 1,2,3-propanetriol diacetate (7.56%), 7-hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester (1.77%), eicosanoic acid, and methyl ester (0.95%); and glycerol included 1,2,3-propanetriol (28.75%). The interesting compounds found in MESA were reducing sugars like D-allose (4.40%) and pyrogallol (10.48%), alkaloids like caffeine (63.49%), and esters like methyl octadecanoate (0.53%). Both fractions revealed considerable antioxidant activity. The reported existing phenolic compounds and terpenes are responsible for the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qadir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Athar Ali
- Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi India
| | - Farhan J Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi India
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow India
| | - Nausheen Khan
- Transformative Learning Solution Private Limited, New Delhi India
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Tettey CO, Yang I, Shin HM. Smilax china leaf extracts suppress pro-inflammatory adhesion response in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and proliferation of HeLa cells. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 126:287-291. [PMID: 30375252 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1520262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of the leaves of Smilax china.Methodology: The aqueous extract was examined for its anti-inflammatory effects on tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced inflammation in HUVECs whereas the aqueous (water), ethyl acetate (EA), butanol (B) and methylene chloride (MC) extracts were examined for their anticancer effect on HeLa cells.Results: The aqueous extract suppressed the (TNF)-α-induced expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and TNF-R1 and attenuated the expression of MCP-1, MMP-9, NF-kB and IFN-γ. The MC extract suppressed the proliferation of HeLa cells at all doses employed (50, 150, and 300 µg/ml). The EA extract demonstrated appreciable anti-proliferative effect whereas the BuOH extract demonstrated mild anti-proliferative activity. The aqueous extract did not show any significant anti-proliferative effect. None of the extracts were toxic to the normal cells (HUVECs).Conclusion: Smilax china leaf extracts possess significant anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement O Tettey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Injun Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - Heung-Mook Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
- Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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Jiang SY, Song XY, Zhang DD, Li ZL, Yang YY, Luo XY, Ye XC. [Spectrum-effect relationship between UPLC fingerprint of Smilax china and anti-pelvic inflammation in rats]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2019; 44:3323-3329. [PMID: 31602890 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190523.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To study the correlation between ultra high performance liquid chromatography( UPLC) fingerprint of Smilax china and its anti-pelvic inflammatory effect,and to explore the pharmacodynamic material basis of S. china against pelvic inflammatory disease.UPLC fingerprints of 10 batches of S. china from different habitats were established,and the values of SOD,MDA,TNF-α,and IL-6 in rats with pelvic inflammation were measured. The weight of each single pharmacodynamics index to the total efficacy was determined by analytic hierarchy process,and the contribution of each peak in fingerprints to the each single pharmacodynamics index and total efficacy was analyzed by the grey relational analysis. Then the structures of chemical constituents at the identified peaks were confirmed by comparing with the reference substance. The 27 common characteristic peaks of UPLC fingerprints were all related to the anti-pelvic inflammation effect of S. china,of which 13 peaks were identified as peak 2( 3,5-dihydroxy-2-methylbenzoic acid-3-O-glucoside),peak 3( chlorogenic acid),peak 5( 2,7,4-trihydroxydihydroflavone-5-O-glucoside),peak 6( 7,4-dihydroxydihydroflavonol-5-O-glucoside),peak 7( taxifolin-7-O-glucoside),peak 9( taxifolin),peak 10( polydatin),peak 11( oxyresveratrol),peak 12( astilbin),peak15( resveratrol),peak 16( quercitrin),peak 18( engeletin) and peak 24( kaempferol). The correlation degree of 21 peaks and the total efficacy was greater than 0. 8,and the top 10 ranked by correlation degree were as follows: peak 1,3,7,19,18,17,4,11,16,and 21. The results showed that the anti-pelvic inflammation effect of S. china was achieved by the combined action of pharmacodynamic substances. In order to control the quality of S. china and its prepared slices more effectively,the index components of content detection should be selected reasonably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hubei Province,College of Pharmacy,Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Wuhan 430065,China
| | - Xiao-Ying Song
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hubei Province,College of Pharmacy,Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Wuhan 430065,China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hubei Province,College of Pharmacy,Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Wuhan 430065,China
| | - Zheng-Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hubei Province,College of Pharmacy,Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Wuhan 430065,China
| | - Yu-Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hubei Province,College of Pharmacy,Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Wuhan 430065,China
| | - Xin-Yao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hubei Province,College of Pharmacy,Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Wuhan 430065,China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hubei Province,College of Pharmacy,Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Wuhan 430065,China
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Ahmad HI, Shoaib Khan HM, Akhtar N, Ijaz S. Phenolic, flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity of Smilax china with its inhibitory potential against clinically important enzymes. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:2066-2071. [PMID: 31385538 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1648463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Smilax china (SC) is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used for a number of pathological disorders. In current study, its various fractions were assessed for radical scavenging, phenolic, flavonoid content and enzyme inhibition. The methanolic extract (MSC) of SC was subjected to fractionation using different solvents including n-hexane, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Results revealed that ethyl acetate fraction showed maximum phenolic (101.81 ± 0.13 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (96.80 ± 0.39 mg QE/g) content with maximum radical scavenging potential (82.51 ± 0.18%, IC50=104.45 µg/ml) as well as urease (82.63 ± 0.79%), tyrosinase (81.30 ± 0.41%) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (62.47 ± 0.76%) inhibition at 0.5 mg/ml. Whereas, maximum α-Glucosidase (87.56 ± 0.13%) and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition (82.34 ± 0.64%) was exhibited by n-hexane and benzene fractions, respectively. Present study has revealed the promising radical scavenging, phenolic, flavonoid and enzyme inhibitory potential of various fractions of SC extract. Thus, the study is a step forward towards evidence-based phyto-medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ibtesam Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Naveed Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ijaz
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Xie Y, Hu D, Zhong C, Liu KF, Fang E, Zhang YJ, Zhou C, Tian LW. Anti-inflammatory furostanol saponins from the rhizomes of Smilax china L. Steroids 2018; 140:70-76. [PMID: 30273696 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Seven new furostanol saponins (1-7), chongrenosides A-G, were isolated from the rhizomes of Smilax china L., together with nine known furostanol saponins (8-16). The structures of the new furostanol saponins (1-7) were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analyses (1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS) and chemical evidence. Compounds 1-6 and 8-16 were evaluated for TNF-α mRNA expression inhibitory activity on LPS induced RAW264.7 cells. Of them, 1, 4, 6, and 11 inhibited the TNF-α mRNA expression by 88%, 87%, 67%, and 93%, respectively, at the concentration of 10 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Deng Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kai-Fei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - En Fang
- Xianning Institute of Drug Supervision and Inspection, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Li-Wen Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Liang J, Zhou M, Li LY, Shu JC, Liang YH, Li FQ, Xiong L, Huang HL. Distinguishing Smilax glabra and Smilax china rhizomes by flow-injection mass spectrometry combined with principal component analysis. Acta Pharm 2018; 68:87-96. [PMID: 29453916 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Flow-injection mass spectrometry (FIMS) coupled with a chemometric method is proposed in this study to profile and distinguish between rhizomes of Smilax glabra (S. glabra) and Smilax china (S. china). The proposed method employed an electrospray-time-of-flight MS. The MS fingerprints were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) with the aid of SIMCA software. Findings showed that the two kinds of samples perfectly fell into their own classes. Further predictive study showed desirable predictability and the tested samples were successfully and reliably identified. The study demonstrated that the proposed method could serve as a powerful tool for distinguishing between S. glabra and S. china.
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Zhong C, Hu D, Hou LB, Song LY, Zhang YJ, Xie Y, Tian LW. Phenolic Compounds from the Rhizomes of Smilax china L. and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040515. [PMID: 28368360 PMCID: PMC6154459 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new triflavanoid, kandelin B-5 (1), was isolated from the rhizomes of Smilax china L., together with six known phenylpropanoid substituted flavan-3-ols (2–7), nine flavonoids (8–16), two stilbenoids (17, 18), and two other compounds (19, 20). The structure of compound 1 was determined on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS data, as well as chemical method. Compounds 2–5, 8–12, 15, 17, and 19 were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. Only compounds 10, 15 and 17 showed slightly IL-1β expression inhibitory activities on LPS induced THP-1 cells, with inhibition rate of 15.8%, 37.3%, and 35.8%, respectively, at concentration of 50 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Deng Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Lian-Bing Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Lu-Yao Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Yang Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Li-Wen Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Kang YH, Kim KK, Kim DJ, Choe M. Antiobesity effects of the water-soluble fraction of the ethanol extract of Smilax china L. leaf in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 9:606-12. [PMID: 26634049 PMCID: PMC4667201 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.6.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Several medicinal properties of Smilax china L. have been studied including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. However, the antiobesity activity and mechanism by which the water-soluble fraction of this plant mediates its effects are not clear. In the present study, we investigated the lipolytic actions of the water-soluble fraction of Smilax china L. leaf ethanol extract (wsSCLE) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS The wsSCLE was identified by measuring the total polyphenol and flavonoid content. The wsSCLE was evaluated for its effects on cell viability, lipid accumulation, glycerol, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) contents. In addition, western blot analysis was used to evaluate the effects on protein kinase A (PKA), PKA substrates (PKAs), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). For the lipid accumulation assay, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with different doses of wsSCLE for 9 days starting 2 days post-confluence. In other cell experiments, mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated for 24 h with wsSCLE. RESULTS Results showed that treatment with wsSCLE at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.25 mg/mL had no effect on cell morphology and viability. Without evidence of toxicity, wsSCLE treatment decreased lipid accumulation compared with the untreated adipocyte controls as shown by the lower absorbance of Oil Red O stain. The wsSCLE significantly induced glycerol release and cAMP production in mature 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, protein levels of phosphorylated PKA, PKAs, and HSL significantly increased following wsSCLE treatment. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the potential antiobesity activity of wsSCLE is at least in part due to the stimulation of cAMP-PKA-HSL signaling. In addition, the wsSCLE-stimulated lipolysis induced by the signaling is mediated via activation of the β-adrenergic receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hwan Kang
- Research and Development Division, Korean Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry, Gyeongsan, 712-260, Korea
| | - Kyoung Kon Kim
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea
| | - Dae Jung Kim
- Well-Being Bioproducts R&D Regional Innovation Center, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea
| | - Myeon Choe
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea. ; Well-Being Bioproducts R&D Regional Innovation Center, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea
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Vijayalakshmi A, Ravichandiran V, Malarkodi V, Nirmala S, Jayakumari S. Screening of flavonoid "quercetin" from the rhizome of Smilax china Linn. for anti-psoriatic activity. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:269-75. [PMID: 23569912 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess anti-psoriatic activity of the methanol extract and the isolated flavonoid quercetin from the rhizome of Smilax china (S. china) Linn. METHODS Mouse tail test was used for the evaluation of anti-psoriatic activity. Methanol extract (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) and isolated flavonoid quercetin (25 and 50 mg/kg b.w.) were tested in Swiss albino mice. Parameters studied in the mouse tail test were changes in epidermal thickness and percentage orthokeratotic values. The anti-inflammatory role of the methanol extract and isolated flavonoid quercetin was evaluated using carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats. In vitro antiproliferant assay on HaCaT cell lines was also carried out. RESULTS The isolated flavonoid quercetin from the rhizome of S. china produced significant orthokeratosis (P<0.01) in the mouse tail test. In epidermal thickness, a significant reduction with respect to control was observed in groups treated with retinoic acid and isolated flavonoid quercetin. The methanol extract (200 mg/kg) and isolated flavonoid quercetin (50 mg/kg) showed anti-inflammatory effect in terms of significant inhibition (P<0.001) in leukocyte migration. Maximum antiproliferant activity was shown by isolated flavonoid quercetin (IC50, 62.42±10.20 µg/mL). CONCLUSIONS From the above data, the flavonoid quercetin shows significant orthokeratosis, anti-inflammatory and maximum antiproliferant activities. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the anti-psoriatic effect of the flavonoid quercetin which is promising for further investigations to prove its anti-psoriatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels University, Chennai, India
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Vijayalakshmi A, Ravichandiran V, Anbu J, Velraj M, Jayakumari S. Anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity profile of the rhizome of Smilax china Linn. in mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 43:27-30. [PMID: 21455417 PMCID: PMC3062115 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.75662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity of ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of the rhizome of Smilax china (EESC and EAF, respectively) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anticonvulsant activities of EESC and EAF were studied against maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice and neurotoxicity was determined using rotarod test. RESULTS The duration of hindleg extension in MES test was reduced significantly (P < 0.001) by EESC at a dose level of 400 mg/kg and EAF at both higher dose levels (200 and 400 mg/kg). In PTZ model, the seizure latency was prolonged by all the test groups. CONCLUSION The EESC and EAF may help to control petit mal and grand mal seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels University, Chennai - 117, Tamil Nadu, India
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