Tuning the Zn2+ solvation structure in dual-salts hybrid aqueous electrolyte to stabilize the Zn metal anode

Aqueous Zn-ion battery is expected to become a substitute for Li-ion battery due to its inherent safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Dendrite growth and side reaction problems during electroplating lead to its low Coulombic efficiency and unsatisfactory life, which greatly limits its practical application. Here, we propose a dual-salts hybrid electrolyte, which alleviates the above issues by mixing Zn(OTf)₂ to ZnSO₄ solution. Extensive tests and MD simulations have shown that the dual-salts hybrid electrolyte can regulate the solvation structure of Zn²⁺, facilitating uniform Zn deposition, and inhibiting side reactions and dendrite growth. Hence, the dual-salts hybrid electrolyte exhibits good reversibility in Zn//Zn batteries, which can provide a lifetime of more than 880 h at 1 mA cm^-2 and 1 mAh cm^-2. Moreover, the average Coulombic efficiency of Zn//Cu cells in hybrid system can reach 98.2% after 520 h, much better than that of 90.7% in pure ZnSO₄ electrolyte and 92.0% in pure Zn(OTf)₂ electrolyte. Benefiting from the fast ion exchange rate and high ion conductivity, Zn-ion hybrid capacitor in hybrid electrolyte also displays excellent stability and capacitive performance. This effective strategy for dual-salts hybrid electrolytes provides a promising direction for designing aqueous electrolytes for Zn-ion batteries.