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Stroet MCM, Dijkstra BM, Dulfer SE, Kruijff S, den Dunnen WFA, Kruyt FAE, Groen RJM, Seimbille Y, Panth KM, Mezzanotte L, Lowik CWGM, de Jong M. Necrosis binding of Ac-Lys 0(IRDye800CW)-Tyr 3-octreotate: a consequence from cyanine-labeling of small molecules. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:47. [PMID: 33970376 PMCID: PMC8110618 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a growing body of nuclear contrast agents that are repurposed for fluorescence-guided surgery. New contrast agents are obtained by substituting the radioactive tag with, or adding a fluorescent cyanine to the molecular structure of antibodies or peptides. This enables intra-operative fluorescent detection of cancerous tissue, leading to more complete tumor resection. However, these fluorescent cyanines can have a remarkable influence on pharmacokinetics and tumor uptake, especially when labeled to smaller targeting vectors such as peptides. Here we demonstrate the effect of cyanine-mediated dead cell-binding of Ac-Lys0(IRDye800CW)-Tyr3-octreotate (800CW-TATE) and how this can be used as an advantage for fluorescence-guided surgery. Results Binding of 800CW-TATE could be blocked with DOTA0-Tyr3-octreotate (DOTA-TATE) on cultured SSTR2-positive U2OS cells and was absent in SSTR2 negative U2OS cells. However, strong binding was observed to dead cells, which could not be blocked with DOTA-TATE and was also present in dead SSTR2 negative cells. No SSTR2-mediated binding was observed in frozen tumor sections, possibly due to disruption of the cells in the process of sectioning the tissue before exposure to the contrast agent. DOTA-TATE blocking resulted in an incomplete reduction of 61.5 ± 5.8% fluorescence uptake by NCI-H69-tumors in mice. Near-infrared imaging and dead cell staining on paraffin sections from resected tumors revealed that fluorescence uptake persisted in necrotic regions upon blocking with DOTA-TATE. Conclusion This study shows that labeling peptides with cyanines can result in dead cell binding. This does not hamper the ultimate purpose of fluorescence-guided surgery, as necrotic tissue appears in most solid tumors. Hence, the necrosis binding can increase the overall tumor uptake. Moreover, necrotic tissue should be removed as much as possible: it cannot be salvaged, causes inflammation, and is tumorigenic. However, when performing binding experiments to cells with disrupted membrane integrity, which is routinely done with nuclear probes, this dead cell-binding can resemble non-specific binding. This study will benefit the development of fluorescent contrast agents. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13550-021-00789-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus C M Stroet
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine/Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bianca M Dijkstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan E Dulfer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Schelto Kruijff
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F A den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A E Kruyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J M Groen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yann Seimbille
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine/Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kranthi M Panth
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine/Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Mezzanotte
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine/Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens W G M Lowik
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine/Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,CHUV Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marion de Jong
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine/Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Dijkstra BM, de Jong M, Stroet MCM, Andreae F, Dulfer SE, Everts M, Kruijff S, Nonnekens J, den Dunnen WFA, Kruyt FAE, Groen RJM. Evaluation of Ac-Lys 0(IRDye800CW)Tyr 3-octreotate as a novel tracer for SSTR 2-targeted molecular fluorescence guided surgery in meningioma. J Neurooncol 2021; 153:211-222. [PMID: 33768405 PMCID: PMC8211583 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Meningioma recurrence rates can be reduced by optimizing surgical resection with the use of intraoperative molecular fluorescence guided surgery (MFGS). We evaluated the potential of the fluorescent tracer 800CW-TATE for MFGS using in vitro and in vivo models. It targets somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2), which is overexpressed in all meningiomas. Methods Binding affinity of 800CW-TATE was evaluated using [177Lu] Lu-DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate displacement assays. Tumor uptake was determined by injecting 800CW-TATE in (SSTR2-positive) NCI-H69 or (SSTR2-negative) CH-157MN xenograft bearing mice and FMT2500 imaging. SSTR2-specific binding was measured by comparing tumor uptake in NCI-H69 and CH-157MN xenografts, blocking experiments and non-targeted IRDye800CW-carboxylate binding. Tracer distribution was analyzed ex vivo, and the tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) was calculated. SSTR2 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Lastly, 800CW-TATE was incubated on frozen and fresh meningioma specimens and analyzed by microscopy. Results 800CW-TATE binding affinity assays showed an IC50 value of 72 nM. NCI-H69 xenografted mice showed a TBR of 21.1. 800CW-TATE detection was reduced after co-administration of non-fluorescent DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate or administration of IRDye800CW. CH-157MN had no tumor specific tracer staining due to absence of SSTR2 expression, thereby serving as a negative control. The tracer bound specifically to SSTR2-positive meningioma tissues representing all WHO grades. Conclusion 800CW-TATE demonstrated sufficient binding affinity, specific SSTR2-mediated tumor uptake, a favorable biodistribution, and high TBR. These features make this tracer very promising for use in MFGS and could potentially aid in safer and a more complete meningioma resection, especially in high-grade meningiomas or those at complex anatomical localizations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11060-021-03739-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M Dijkstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marion de Jong
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus C M Stroet
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fritz Andreae
- piCHEM Forschungs und EntwicklungsGmbH, Raaba-Grambach, Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastiaan E Dulfer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Everts
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Schelto Kruijff
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Nonnekens
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F A den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A E Kruyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J M Groen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Liang X, Mao Q, Huang D, Tang J, Zheng J. Overexpression of cortistatin alleviates oxygen/glucose-deprivation-induced ER stress and prompts neural stem cell proliferation via SSTR2. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 113:104351. [PMID: 31809712 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral infarction (CI), a blood circulatory disorder, causes a high mortality and disability rate worldwide. Intriguingly, a newly discovered neuropeptide, Cortistatin (CST), has been indicated to inhibit the cortical activity. In our research, we aimed to explore the functional relevance of CST in neural stem cells (NSCs) in CI rats. The expression of CST was determined in NSCs induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). NSCs isolated from the embryonic rat brain were treated with OGD to establish an in vitro CI model while dithiothreitol (DTT) was introduced to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), which were evaluated by assessment of GRP94, caspase-12 and CHOP expression. Then CST expression was restored by transfection of oe-CST, followed by assessment of NSC proliferation ability and cytotoxicity. Finally, the expression of CST and its receptor Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) was quantified for mechanism exploration. CST was downregulated in CI, which was further confirmed in NSCs under OGD treatment. Overexpressed CST was found to promote cell activity and attenuate OGD-induced cytotoxicity of NSCs. Meanwhile, it was observed that the injured proliferation ability of NSCs was restored by CST overexpression. Besides, lower expression of GRP94, caspase-12 and CHOP was indicative of suppressed occurrence of ERS by CST. Mechanically, CST inhibited ERS through SSTR2. CST could facilitate the proliferation of NSCs in CI induced by OGD, ultimately highlighting a novel therapeutic target for CI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Qing Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing 211200, PR China
| | - Donghong Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Jinou Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China.
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Hu J, Yan J, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Ran Q, Tang X, Shu T, Shen R, Duan L, Zhang D, Guo Q, Zhang W, Yang H, Li S. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy may serve as a presurgical predictor of somatostatin analog therapy response in patients with growth hormone-secreting pituitary macroadenomas. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:443-451. [PMID: 30171531 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0939-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Somatostatin analogs (SSAs) are considered one of the most effective medical treatments for patients with growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas (GH-PAs). The postoperative electron microscopy (EM) pathological subtype and SSTR2 expression in the tumor are the most established predictors of patient response to SSA therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate how will magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measurements before surgery predict the EM pathological subtypes and SSTR2 expression of tumors, and thereby serve as an indicator for the therapeutic sensitivity to SSAs of patients with GH-PAs. METHODS Eighteen patients with GH pituitary macroadenomas who underwent transsphenoidal surgery were included in this retrospective study. The preoperative MRS data and T2 signal intensity were obtained from patients by 1.5 T MR spectroscopy of the sellar mass. The EM pathological subtypes of tumors were determined after surgery through examination of cell granulations. The expressions of somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), SSTR5, P21, P27, and Ki-67 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The MRS parameters that were found to significantly predict the EM pathological subtypes of tumors, as calculated by the receiver operating characteristic curve, were the choline (Ch) value at 3140.5 MR units (sensitivity 69.2%, specificity 100%) and the choline/creatine (Ch/Cr) ratio at 1.27 (sensitivity 92.3%, specificity 100%). Further, the Ch/Cr ratio, but not other MRS data, was shown to negatively correlate with the expression of SSTR2 (P = 0.02). The Ch/Cr ratio was also found to positively correlate with the Ki-67 value (P < 0.05) and T2 signal (P < 0.05), but not with other factors that were examined in this study. Moreover, the Ch/Cr ratio could predict the EM pathological subtypes of tumors with an accuracy of 83.3% (5/6) for patients with an isointense T2 signal. CONCLUSION The Ch/Cr ratio by MRS could effectively predict the tumor subtype and was significantly correlated with the expression of SSTR2, which was consistent with other predictors. It was also able to distinguish the patients with isointense T2 signals. Our results provide a potentially new and non-invasive method to predict the response to SSAs in patients with GH pituitary macroadenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hu
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - J Yan
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - X Zheng
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Q Ran
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Department of Radiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - X Tang
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - T Shu
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Department of Radiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - R Shen
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - L Duan
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - D Zhang
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Department of Radiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Q Guo
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Yang
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - S Li
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Dijkstra BM, Motekallemi A, den Dunnen WFA, Jeltema JR, van Dam GM, Kruyt FAE, Groen RJM. SSTR-2 as a potential tumour-specific marker for fluorescence-guided meningioma surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2018; 160:1539-1546. [PMID: 29858948 PMCID: PMC6060877 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-018-3575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningiomas are the most frequently occurring primary intracranial tumours in adults. Surgical removal can only be curative by complete resection; however surgical access can be challenging due to anatomical localization and local invasion of bone and soft tissues. Several intraoperative techniques have been tried to improve surgical resection, including intraoperative fluorescence guided imaging; however, no meningioma-specific (fluorescent) targeting has been developed yet. Here, we aimed to identify the most promising biomarkers for targeted intra-operative fluorescence guided meningioma surgery. METHODS One hundred forty-eight meningioma specimens representing all meningioma grades were analysed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue microarrays (TMAs) to determine expression patterns of meningioma biomarkers epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), platelet-derived growth factor β (PDGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor α (VEGF-α), and somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR-2). Subsequently, the most promising biomarker was selected based on TArget Selection Criteria (TASC). Marker expression was examined by IHC in 3D cell culture models generated from freshly resected tumour material. RESULTS TMA-IHC showed strongest staining for SSTR-2. All cases were positive, with 51.4% strong/diffuse, 30.4% moderate/diffuse and only 18.2% focal/weak staining patterns. All tested biomarkers showed at least weak positivity in all meningiomas, regardless of WHO grade. TASC analysis showed that SSTR-2 was the most promising target for fluorescence guided imaging, with a total score of 21 (out of 22). SSTR-2 expression was determined on original patient tumours and 3D cultures of three established cultures. CONCLUSIONS SSTR-2 expression was highly sensitive and specific in all 148 meningiomas, regardless of WHO grade. According to TASC analysis, SSTR-2 is the most promising receptor for meningioma targeting. After establishing in vitro meningioma models, SSTR-2 cell membrane expression was confirmed in two of three meningioma cultures as well. This indicates that specific fluorescence in an experimental setting can be performed for the further development of targeted fluorescence guided meningioma surgery and near-infrared fluorescent tracers targeting SSTR-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Dijkstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Motekallemi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - W F A den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J R Jeltema
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G M van Dam
- Department of Surgery, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Intensive Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - F A E Kruyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R J M Groen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Liu ZY, Zhang C, Zhang L. Expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 in colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:2817-2822. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i18.2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect the expression of somatostafin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) in human colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms and analyze its clinicopathological significance.
METHODS: Clinical samples and clinicopathological information of patients with colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms were collected. The expression of SSTR2 in tumor tissues was examined by immunohistochemical EnVision method.
RESULTS: A total of 56 patients were enrolled in this study. The rate of positive expression of SSTR2 in colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms was 76.8%. Positive expression of SSTR2 in tumor tissues was associated with lymph node metastasis, muscularis invasion and distant metastasis (P < 0.05), but not with sex or age (P > 0.05). In addition, a significant correlation was found between SSTR2 expression and tumor diameter and histological grade (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Abnormal expression of SSTR2 correlates closely with some important clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms. SSTR2 may be used as a new biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms.
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Fan X, Mao Z, He D, Liao C, Jiang X, Lei N, Hu B, Wang X, Li Z, Lin Y, Gou X, Zhu Y, Wang H. Expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 in growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma and the regulation of miR-185. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:1117-28. [PMID: 26036598 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-015-0306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-acting somatostatin analogs (SSAs) are most widely used to treat growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenoma. However, approximately 30 % of treated patients show resistance to SSAs, which may be associated with the reduction of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) mRNA and protein expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study used immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of SSTR2 and SSTR5 in twenty human GH-secreting adenoma samples treated with SSAs and seven normal pituitary samples. RESULTS The staining intensities of SSTR2 and SSTR5 were stronger in most adenoma samples than in normal pituitary. The expression of SSTR2 tended to be lower in the SSA non-responder group than in responders. A search of the Bioinformatics data bank and the miRCURY™ LNA array confirmed miR-185 as the putative mircoRNA (miRNA) regulating the expression of SSTR2. An in vitro study using Dual Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-185 likely targets the 3'-UTR of SSTR2 mRNA in the rat pituitary adenoma GH3 cell line. MiR-185 also downregulated or upregulated the expression of SSTR2 mRNA and SSTR2 protein, following transfection with miR-185 mimics or inhibitors, respectively. CONCLUSION MiR-185 enhanced the cell proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of GH3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 52# Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Z Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 52# Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - D He
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 52# Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - C Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 52# Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - X Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 52# Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - N Lei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical school of Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - B Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 52# Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical school of Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Y Lin
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - X Gou
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Y Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical school of Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - H Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 52# Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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