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Hodoň J, Frydrych I, Trhlíková Z, Pokorný J, Borková L, Benická S, Vlk M, Lišková B, Kubíčková A, Medvedíková M, Pisár M, Šarek J, Das V, Ligasová A, Koberna K, Džubák P, Hajdúch M, Urban M. Triterpenoid pyrazines and pyridines - Synthesis, cytotoxicity, mechanism of action, preparation of prodrugs. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114777. [PMID: 36174412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A set of fifteen triterpenoid pyrazines and pyridines was prepared from parent triterpenoid 3-oxoderivatives (betulonic acid, dihydrobetulonic acid, oleanonic acid, moronic acid, ursonic acid, heterobetulonic acid, and allobetulone). Cytotoxicity of all compounds was tested in eight cancer and two non-cancer cell lines. Evaluation of the structure-activity relationships revealed that the triterpenoid core determined whether the final molecule is active or not, while the heterocycle is able to increase the activity and modulate the specificity. Five compounds (1b, 1c, 2b, 2c, and 8) were found to be preferentially and highly cytotoxic (IC50 ≈ 1 μM) against leukemic cancer cell lines (CCRF-CEM, K562, CEM-DNR, or K562-TAX). Surprisingly, compounds 1c, 2b, and 2c are 10-fold more active in multidrug-resistant leukemia cells (CEM-DNR and K562-TAX) than in their non-resistant analogs (CCRF-CEM and K562). Pharmacological parameters were measured for the most promising candidates and two types of prodrugs were synthesized: 1) Sugar-containing conjugates, most of which had improved cell penetration and retained high cytotoxicity in the CCRF-CEM cell line, unfortunately, they lost the selectivity against resistant cells. 2) Medoxomil derivatives, among which compounds 26-28 gained activities of IC50 0.026-0.043 μM against K562 cells. Compounds 1b, 8, 21, 22, 23, and 24 were selected for the evaluation of the mechanism of action based on their highest cytotoxicity against CCRF-CEM cell line. Several experiments showed that the majority of them cause apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. Compounds 1b, 8, and 21 inhibit growth and disintegrate spheroid cultures of HCT116 and HeLa cells, which would be important for the treatment of solid tumors. In summary, compounds 1b, 1c, 2b, 2c, 24, and 26-28 are highly and selectively cytotoxic against cancer cell lines and were selected for future in vivo tests and further development of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Hodoň
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Frydrych
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Trhlíková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pokorný
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Borková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sandra Benická
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vlk
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Břehová 7, 115 19, Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Lišková
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Agáta Kubíčková
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Czech Advanced Technologies and Research Institute (CATRIN), Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University Olomouc, Křížkovského 511/8, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Medvedíková
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pisár
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šarek
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Viswanath Das
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Czech Advanced Technologies and Research Institute (CATRIN), Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University Olomouc, Křížkovského 511/8, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Ligasová
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Koberna
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Džubák
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Urban
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Kouroupis D, Willman MA, Best TM, Kaplan LD, Correa D. Infrapatellar fat pad-derived mesenchymal stem cell-based spheroids enhance their therapeutic efficacy to reverse synovitis and fat pad fibrosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:44. [PMID: 33413649 PMCID: PMC7792122 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory/anti-fibrotic capacity of IFP-MSC manufactured as 3D spheroids. Our hypothesis is that IFP-MSC do not require prior cell priming to acquire a robust immunomodulatory phenotype in vitro in order to efficiently reverse synovitis and IFP fibrosis, and secondarily delay articular cartilage damage in vivo. Methods Human IFP-MSC immunophenotype, tripotentiality, and transcriptional profiles were assessed in 3D settings. Multiplex secretomes were assessed in IFP-MSC spheroids [Crude (non-immunoselected), CD146+ or CD146− immunoselected cells] and compared with 2D cultures with and without prior inflammatory/fibrotic cell priming. Functionally, IFP-MSC spheroids were assessed for their immunopotency on human PBMC proliferation and their effect on stimulated synoviocytes with inflammation and fibrotic cues. The anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic spheroid properties were further evaluated in vivo in a rat model of acute synovitis/fat pad fibrosis. Results Spheroids enhanced IFP-MSC phenotypic, transcriptional, and secretory immunomodulatory profiles compared to 2D cultures. Further, CD146+ IFP-MSC spheroids showed enhanced secretory and transcriptional profiles; however, these attributes were not reflected in a superior capacity to suppress activated PBMC. This suggests that 3D culturing settings are sufficient to induce an enhanced immunomodulatory phenotype in both Crude and CD146-immunoselected IFP-MSC. Crude IFP-MSC spheroids modulated the molecular response of synoviocytes previously exposed to inflammatory cues. Therapeutically, IFP-MSC spheroids retained substance P degradation potential in vivo, while effectively inducing resolution of inflammation/fibrosis of the synovium and fat pad. Furthermore, their presence resulted in arrest of articular cartilage degradation in a rat model of progressive synovitis and fat pad fibrosis. Conclusions 3D spheroids confer IFP-MSC a reproducible and enhanced immunomodulatory effect in vitro and in vivo, circumventing the requirement of non-compliant cell priming or selection before administration and thereby streamlining cell products manufacturing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kouroupis
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Ave (3014), Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplantation Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Ave (3014), Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Melissa A Willman
- Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplantation Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Ave (3014), Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Thomas M Best
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Ave (3014), Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Lee D Kaplan
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Ave (3014), Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Diego Correa
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Ave (3014), Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplantation Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Ave (3014), Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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De Angelis ML, Bruselles A, Francescangeli F, Pucilli F, Vitale S, Zeuner A, Tartaglia M, Baiocchi M. Colorectal cancer spheroid biobanks: multi-level approaches to drug sensitivity studies. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 34:459-469. [PMID: 29478126 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-9423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biobanking of molecularly characterized colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) generated from individual patients and growing as spheroids in defined serum-free media offer a fast, feasible, and multi-level approach for the screening of targeted therapies and drug resistance molecular studies. By combining in vitro and in vivo analyses of cetuximab efficacy with genetic data on an ongoing collection of stem cell-enriched spheroids, we describe the identification and preliminary characterization of microsatellite stable (MSS) CSCs that, despite the presence of the KRAS (G12D) mutation, display epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent growth and are strongly inhibited by anti-EGF-receptor (EGFR) treatment. In parallel, we detected an increased resistance to anti-EGFR therapy of microsatellite instable (MSI) CSC lines irrespective of KRAS mutational status. MSI CSC lines carried mutations in genes coding for proteins with a role in RAS and calcium signaling, highlighting the role of a genomically unstable context in determining anti-EGFR resistance. Altogether, these results argue for a multifactorial origin of anti-EGFR resistance that emerges as the effect of multiple events targeting direct and indirect regulators of the EGFR pathway. An improved understanding of key molecular determinants of sensitivity/resistance to EGFR inhibition will be instrumental to optimize the clinical efficacy of anti-EGFR agents, representing a further step towards personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura De Angelis
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bruselles
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Francescangeli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Pucilli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Vitale
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University and A. Gemelli Polyclinic, Rome, Italy
| | - Ann Zeuner
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Baiocchi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
Animal testing is still the most popular preclinical assessment model for liver fibrosis. To develop efficient anti-fibrotic therapies, robust and representative in vitro models are urgently needed. The most widely used in vitro fibrosis model is the culture-induced activation of primary rodent hepatic stellate cells. While these cultures have contributed greatly to the current understanding of hepatic stellate cell activation, they seem to be inadequate to cover the complexity of this regenerative response. This review summarizes recent progress towards the development of 3D culture models of liver fibrosis. Thus far, only a few hepatic culture systems have successfully implemented hepatic stellate cells (or other non-parenchymal cells) into hepatocyte cultures. Recent advances in bioprinting, spheroid- and precision-cut liver slice cultures and the use of microfluidic bioreactors will surely lead to valid 3D in vitro models of liver fibrosis in the near future.
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Narayan RS, Fedrigo CA, Brands E, Dik R, Stalpers LJ, Baumert BG, Slotman BJ, Westerman BA, Peters GJ, Sminia P. The allosteric AKT inhibitor MK2206 shows a synergistic interaction with chemotherapy and radiotherapy in glioblastoma spheroid cultures. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:204. [PMID: 28320338 PMCID: PMC5359921 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common, invasive and deadly primary type of malignant brain tumor. The Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase/AKT (PI3K/AKT) pathway is highly active in GBM and has been associated with increased survival and resistance to therapy. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of AKT inhibition in combination with the current standard of care which consists of irradiation and temozolomide (TMZ) on human malignant glioma cells growing adherent and as multicellular spheroids in vitro. METHODS The effects of the allosteric inhibitor MK2206 combined with irradiation and TMZ were assessed on glioma cells growing adherent and as multicellular 3D spheroids. The interaction was studied on proliferation, clonogenic cell survival, cell invasion, -migration and on expression of key proteins in the PI3K-AKT pathway by western blot. RESULTS A differential effect was found at low- (1 μM) and high dose (10 μM) MK2206. At 1 μM, the inhibitor reduced phosphorylation of Thr308 and Ser473 residues of AKT in both adherent cells and spheroids. Low dose MK2206 delayed spheroid growth and sensitized spheroids to both irradiation and TMZ in a synergistic way (Combination index <0.35). In contrast, neither low nor high dose MK2206 did enhance therapy sensitivity in adherent growing cells. Effective inhibition of invasion and migration was observed only at higher doses of MK2206 (>5 μM). CONCLUSIONS The data show that a 3D spheroid model show different sensitivity to irradiation when combined with AKT inhibition. Thereby we show that MK2206 has potential synergistic efficacy to the current standard of care for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S. Narayan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, Amsterdam, 1007 MB The Netherlands
| | - Carlos A. Fedrigo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, Amsterdam, 1007 MB The Netherlands
| | - Eelke Brands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, Amsterdam, 1007 MB The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Dik
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, Amsterdam, 1007 MB The Netherlands
| | - Lukas J.A. Stalpers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brigitta G. Baumert
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, MediClin Robert Janker Klinik & University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Maastro Clinic, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J. Slotman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, Amsterdam, 1007 MB The Netherlands
| | - Bart A. Westerman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuro Oncology Research Group, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J. Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Sminia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, Amsterdam, 1007 MB The Netherlands
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Lee SH, Hong JH, Park HK, Park JS, Kim BK, Lee JY, Jeong JY, Yoon GS, Inoue M, Choi GS, Lee IK. Colorectal cancer-derived tumor spheroids retain the characteristics of original tumors. Cancer Lett 2015; 367:34-42. [PMID: 26185002 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary cultures of cancer cells are useful for developing personalized medicine. In this study, we characterized three lines of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids established directly from tumor tissues of patients with colorectal cancers (CRCs). Each line mainly included EpCAM-positive cells and cells expressing putative cancer stem cell markers such as CD133, CD44, CD24, ALDH1, and LGR5. These characteristic stem cell markers remained identically for months in vitro. Short tandem repeat genotyping suggested that genetic fingerprints of these tumor spheroids were similar to those of the original tumor tissues from which they were derived. Mutational analysis showed that each line had the same mutation profile for APC, KRAS, MLH1, serine-threonine kinase 11, and TP53 as its parental tumor tissue. One line harboring an activating KRAS mutation was resistant to cetuximab while the remaining two lines harboring wild-type KRAS showed different responses to cetuximab. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that xenograft tumors derived from these lines retained the histopathological and mutational patterns of their parental tumors. Collectively, these results clearly showed that 3D tumor spheroids directly generated from tumor tissues of patients with CRCs preserved the characteristics of their parental tumor tissues and could be used for developing personalized medicines for CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hwa Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyungbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwa Hong
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Ki Park
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Seok Park
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Kyung Kim
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yi Lee
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ghil Suk Yoon
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gyu-Seog Choi
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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