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Tognarelli JM, Dawood M, Shariff MI, Grover VP, Crossey MM, Cox IJ, Taylor-Robinson SD, McPhail MJ. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Principles and Techniques: Lessons for Clinicians. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 5:320-8. [PMID: 26900274 PMCID: PMC4723643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides a non-invasive 'window' on biochemical processes within the body. Its use is no longer restricted to the field of research, with applications in clinical practice increasingly common. MRS can be conducted at high magnetic field strengths (typically 11-14 T) on body fluids, cell extracts and tissue samples, with new developments in whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowing clinical MRS at the end of a standard MRI examination, obtaining functional information in addition to anatomical information. We discuss the background physics the busy clinician needs to know before considering using the technique as an investigative tool. Some potential applications of hepatic and cerebral MRS in chronic liver disease are also discussed.
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Key Words
- CPMG, Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence
- CSI, chemical shift imaging
- FID, free induction decay
- K, Kelvin
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia for Genes and Genomes
- MR, magnetic resonance
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- MSEA, metabolite set enrichment analysis
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- NOESY, nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
- PC, principal components
- PCA, principal components analysis
- PLS-DA, partial least squared discriminant analysis
- PRESS, point-resolved spectroscopy
- STEAM, stimulated echo acquisition mode
- T, Tesla
- T1, spin-lattice relaxation
- T2, spin-spin relaxation
- TE, echo time
- TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide
- TR, repetition time
- magnetic resonance imaging
- magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- metabolomics
- nuclear magnetic resonance
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Tognarelli
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Address for correspondence: Joshua Tognarelli, Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, 10th Floor QEQM Wing, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom. Tel.: +44 207 886 6454; fax: +44 207 402 2796.Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, 10th Floor QEQM Wing, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College LondonPraed StreetLondonW2 1NYUnited Kingdom
| | - Mahvish Dawood
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed I.F. Shariff
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay P.B. Grover
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary M.E. Crossey
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - I. Jane Cox
- The Foundation for Liver Research, Institute of Hepatology, 69-75 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D. Taylor-Robinson
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J.W. McPhail
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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