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Qiu M, Yu L, Liang J, Xia J, Wang X, Liu J. Aloperine Prevents Migration, Invasion, and Adhesion by Upregulating TIMP-4 in Human Bladder Cancer Cells. Protein Pept Lett 2023; 30:250-259. [PMID: 36734907 DOI: 10.2174/0929866530666230124112754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aloperine (ALO) is an important active component of quinolizidine alkaloids in Sophora flavescens A and Sophora alopecuroides L, and has effective anticancer activity against multiple cancers. However, the influence and mechanism of ALO on migration, invasion, and adhesion in bladder cancer cells remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine the anticancer effect of ALO on migration, invasion, and adhesion in bladder cancer cells and to investigate its potential TIMP-4-related mechanism. METHODS Cell viability, cytotoxicity, wound healing, Transwell invasion, cell adhesion, real-time qPCR, western blot, and ELISA assays were performed to analyze the effect of ALO on migration, invasion, and adhesion in bladder cancer 5637 and UM-UC-3 cells. Furthermore, the anti-TIMP-4 antibody was used to explore the potential effect on ALO-inhibited bladder cancer cells. RESULTS We have found that ALO significantly suppressed migration, invasion, and adhesion in bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, ALO could downregulate the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNAs and proteins, and increase the expression of TIMP-4 mRNA and protein. Moreover, the anti-TIMP-4 antibody reversed the prevention of migration, invasion, and adhesion in ALO-treated bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSION The data in this study suggest that ALO suppressed migration, invasion, and adhesion in bladder cancer cells by upregulating the expression of TIMP-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingning Qiu
- Laboratory of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong, China.,Matenal and Child Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, 528300, China
| | - Liming Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinglan Liang
- Experimental Animal Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Xia
- Laboratory of Hematologic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuguang Wang
- Experimental Animal Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Experimental Animal Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong, China
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Sisk LJ, Patel RK, Stevens KK. A descriptive analysis of non-human leukocyte antigens present in renal transplant donor-recipient pairs. Transpl Immunol 2021; 69:101474. [PMID: 34582968 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION End stage renal disease (ESRD) is the irreversible deterioration of renal function requiring renal replacement therapy by dialysis or transplant. Human leucocyte antigens (HLA) have been well examined however research still is required into the non-HLA antibodies. Antibody mediated rejection (AMR) can be seen in the absence of HLA antibodies on biopsies of patients who have received identical transplants; anti-endothelial cell antibodies may explain this. Investigation into endothelial cell antigens on donor and recipient endothelium may elucidate and stratify the degree of risk of any given transplant and may guide towards the best matched donor. METHODS Protein array analysis was carried out on 8 patient pairs using nitro-cellulose membranes and biotinylated detection antibodies. The fluorescence emitted was captured by X-Ray film and results were recorded with ImageJ software. A fold increase of more than 2 was considered to be positive. RESULTS 11 proteins identified had a fold increase of increase ≥2 and were present in ≥2 patient pairs which may point to potential clinical utility. Nectin2/CD112 may be measured in order analyse graft survival time in transplant recipients. Prognosticating renal failure has clinical importance and potential markers that have been identified to aid which include MEPE, CRELD2, and TIMP-4. Novel pharmacological therapies for specific biomarkers identified in this study include JAM-A, E-Selectin, CD147, Galectin-3, JAM-C, PAR-1, and TNFR2. CONCLUSION Protein analysis showed differences in expression of antigens between patients with and without Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). This information could be used at the matching stage of renal transplantation and also in the treatment of rejection episodes. The results highlight biomarkers that potentially prognosticate and pharmacological therapies that may ameliorate kidney disease and rejection in ESRD and transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Sisk
- University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Rajan K Patel
- University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn K Stevens
- University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Nayim P, Mbaveng AT, Sanjukta M, Rikesh J, Kuete V, Sudhir K. CD24 gene inhibition and TIMP-4 gene upregulation by Imperata cylindrica's root extract prevents metastasis of CaSki cells via inhibiting PI3K/Akt/snail signaling pathway and blocking EMT. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 275:114111. [PMID: 33848610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch (Gramineae) is a medicinal spice traditionally used in the treatment of hypertension and cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the anti-metastatic potential of the methanol extract of I. cylindrica roots and determined its mechanisms of action. MATERIAL AND METHODS The growth inhibition activity of I. cylindrica root extract in vitro and in vivo in human cervical cancer. The scratch assay and Boyden Chamber assay were used to determine the anti-migrative and anti-invasion actions of the plant extract. The whole-genome gene expression profiling using RNA-Seq was performed to determine the differentially expressed genes in CaSki cells after exposure to I. cylindrica to identify its targeted genes related to metastasis. Using protein analysis (western blotting) and gene expression analysis (RTqPCR), the targeted pathways of the key genes that were initially identified with RNA-Seq, were evaluated. RESULTS I. cylindrica extract showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo in mice bearing tumors. Furthermore, I. cylindrica root extract significantly inhibited cell migration and cell invasion. After the genome-wide transcriptome analysis, we found that important genes involved in cancer progression and metastasis of cervical cancer, that is, CD24 and TIMP-4 were significantly downregulated and upregulated, respectively. Moreover, I. cylindrica root extract significantly inhibited the PI3/AKT/Snail signaling pathway and blocked the EMT of CaSki cells. CONCLUSION These findings provide an anti-metastatic mechanism of action of I. cylindrica root extract toward the human cervical cancer suggesting that this plant maybe developed into selective chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Nayim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon; National Centre for Biological Sciences - Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore, India.
| | - Armelle T Mbaveng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Mukherjee Sanjukta
- National Centre for Biological Sciences - Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore, India.
| | - Jain Rikesh
- Aix-Marseille Université - CNRS UMR 7288, Institut de Biologie Du Développement de Marseille, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne UMR 7283 and Turing Center for Living Systems. Marseille, France.
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Krishna Sudhir
- National Centre for Biological Sciences - Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore, India.
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Colige A, Monseur C, Crawley JTB, Santamaria S, de Groot R. Proteomic discovery of substrates of the cardiovascular protease ADAMTS7. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8037-8045. [PMID: 30926607 PMCID: PMC6527163 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The protease ADAMTS7 functions in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the cardiovascular system. However, its physiological substrate specificity and mechanism of regulation remain to be explored. To address this, we conducted an unbiased substrate analysis using terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS). The analysis identified candidate substrates of ADAMTS7 in the human fibroblast secretome, including proteins with a wide range of functions, such as collagenous and noncollagenous extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors, proteases, and cell-surface receptors. It also suggested that autolysis occurs at Glu-729-Val-730 and Glu-732-Ala-733 in the ADAMTS7 Spacer domain, which was corroborated by N-terminal sequencing and Western blotting. Importantly, TAILS also identified proteolysis of the latent TGF-β-binding proteins 3 and 4 (LTBP3/4) at a Glu-Val and Glu-Ala site, respectively. Using purified enzyme and substrate, we confirmed ADAMTS7-catalyzed proteolysis of recombinant LTBP4. Moreover, we identified multiple additional scissile bonds in an N-terminal linker region of LTBP4 that connects fibulin-5/tropoelastin and fibrillin-1-binding regions, which have an important role in elastogenesis. ADAMTS7-mediated cleavage of LTBP4 was efficiently inhibited by the metalloprotease inhibitor TIMP-4, but not by TIMP-1 and less efficiently by TIMP-2 and TIMP-3. As TIMP-4 expression is prevalent in cardiovascular tissues, we propose that TIMP-4 represents the primary endogenous ADAMTS7 inhibitor. In summary, our findings reveal LTBP4 as an ADAMTS7 substrate, whose cleavage may potentially impact elastogenesis in the cardiovascular system. We also identify TIMP-4 as a likely physiological ADAMTS7 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Colige
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue Biology, GIGA, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christine Monseur
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue Biology, GIGA, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - James T B Crawley
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rens de Groot
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom.
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Hao W, Li M, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wang P. Inflammatory mediators in exhaled breath condensate and peripheral blood of healthy donors and stable COPD patients. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:224-230. [PMID: 31046512 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1609496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this work was to compare matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -12, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and -4, and neutrophil elastase in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and peripheral blood of patients with COPD. Methods: Peripheral blood and EBC samples from COPD patients and healthy donors were collected. In serum and EBC, MMP-9, MMP-12, NE, TIMP-1, and TIMP-4 proteins were detected by ELISA. The mRNA expression levels of MMP-9, MMP-12, NE, TIMP-1, and TIMP-4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Results: The protein levels of MMP-9 (p=.034) and MMP-12 (p=.041) in the EBC of COPD smokers were higher than those of COPD never-smokers. The concentrations of TIMP-1 (p=.072) and TIMP-4 (p=.084) in the EBC of COPD smokers were higher than those of COPD never-smokers; however, the difference was not statistically significant. MMP-9 (r=-0.78, p<.0001) and TIMP-1 (r=-0.71, p<.0001) levels in EBC were significantly negatively correlated with pulmonary function FEV1%pred. The protein levels of MMP-12 (r=-0.37, p=.034) and TIMP-4 (r=-0.34, p=.041) were also negatively correlated with FEV1%pred. The expression of MMP-9, MMP-12, NE, TIMP-1, and TIMP-4 in PBMCs and serum of COPD smokers were significantly higher than those of control never-smokers (p<.05). Conclusions: Exhaled MMP-9, MMP-12, TIMP-1, and TIMP-4 levels increased in stable COPD patients and were negatively correlated with FEV1%pred, which suggests the usefulness of their measurement in EBC for the monitoring of airway inflammation. However, to better assess their diagnostic or prognostic value, larger studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Hao
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , The Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University , Yan'an , People's Republic of China
- b Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Manxiang Li
- b Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Cailian Zhang
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , The Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University , Yan'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Yunqing Zhang
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , The Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University , Yan'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , The Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University , Yan'an , People's Republic of China
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Sandrim VC, Diniz S, Eleuterio NM, Gomes KB, Dusse LMS, Cavalli RC. Higher levels of circulating TIMP-4 in preeclampsia is strongly associated with clinical parameters and microRNA. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 40:609-612. [PMID: 29231756 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1411499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia results in maternal and fetal complications and some studies have reported the role of MMPs and TIMPs in its pathophysiology. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare plasma TIMP-4 levels in preeclampsia and healthy pregnant; and to correlate these levels with clinical parameters and expression of Let7a-5p (3´UTR post-transcriptionally regulation) Methods: TIMP-4 was measured by ELISA and miR-Let7a-5p expression by qPCR. RESULTS Elevated plasma TIMP-4 levels in preeclampsia compared to healthy pregnant was found 1450 ± 411 vs. 775 ± 210 pg/mL, respectively (p < 0.0001); these levels are correlated positively with serum liver enzymes (ALT, r = 0.84, p = 0.004; and AST, r = 0.51, p = 0.02); and negatively with newborn weight (r = -0.45, p = 0.04) in preeclampsia. Regarding Let7a-5p a negative but not significant correlation was found (r = -0.39, p = 0.06, including both healthy and preeclampsia). CONCLUSIONS Preeclampsia present elevated levels of circulating TIMP-4 compared to healthy pregnant and these levels are correlated with clinical parameters of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria C Sandrim
- a Departamento de Farmacologia , Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) , Botucatu , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Solange Diniz
- b Nucleo de Pos-Graduação e Pesquisa-Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Nibia Mariana Eleuterio
- b Nucleo de Pos-Graduação e Pesquisa-Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Karina B Gomes
- c Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Luci Maria S Dusse
- c Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Ricardo C Cavalli
- d Departamento de G inecologia e Obstetricia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto , Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMRP-USP) , Ribeirao Preto , Brazil
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Lizarraga F, Espinosa M, Ceballos-Cancino G, Vazquez-Santillan K, Bahena-Ocampo I, Schwarz-Cruz Y Celis A, Vega-Gordillo M, Garcia Lopez P, Maldonado V, Melendez-Zajgla J. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-4 ( TIMP-4) regulates stemness in cervical cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2016; 55:1952-1961. [PMID: 26618609 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4) belongs to a family of extracellular matrix (ECM) metalloproteinases inhibitors that are overexpressed in several cancers. However, the role of TIMP-4 during carcinogenesis is poorly understood. To evaluate TIMP-4 functions in carcinogenesis, stably transfected cells overexpressing this tissue inhibitor were used. Xenograft tumor growth, stem cell enrichment, colony formation, and gene regulation were investigated. Microarrays and in silico analysis were carried out to elucidate TIMP-4 molecular mechanisms. In the present report, we show that in nude mice, cervical cancer cells that overexpress TIMP-4 formed tumors faster than control cell-derived tumors. Furthermore, in vivo limiting dilution assays showed that fewer TIMP-4 overexpressing cells are needed for tumor formation. In vitro analyses demonstrated that TIMP-4 overexpression or exposure to human recombinant TIMP-4 (hrTIMP4) caused an enrichment of the tumor progenitor cell (TPC) population. Accordingly, genome-wide expression and signaling pathway analyses showed that hrTIMP-4 modulated cell survival, cell proliferation, inflammation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling networks. Notably, NFκB signaling pathway appeared to be globally activated upon hrTIMP-4 treatment. Overall, this report provides the first example that TIMP-4 regulates carcinogenesis through enriching the TPC population in cervical cancer cells. Understanding TIMP-4 effects on tumorigenesis may provide clues for future therapies design. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floria Lizarraga
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Medical Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Magali Espinosa
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gisela Ceballos-Cancino
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karla Vazquez-Santillan
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Medical Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ivan Bahena-Ocampo
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Angela Schwarz-Cruz Y Celis
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Vega-Gordillo
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Patricia Garcia Lopez
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Cancerology, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Vilma Maldonado
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Medical Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Melendez-Zajgla
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Qin W, Jia X, Wang F, Zuo X, Wu L, Zhou A, Li D, Min B, Wei C, Tang Y, Xing Y, Dong X, Wang Q, Gao Y, Li Y, Jia J. Elevated plasma angiogenesis factors in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 45:245-52. [PMID: 25690662 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown that aberrant angiogenesis is an integral part of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Angiogenesis is a complex process requiring successive activation of a rather large series of factors. The aim of this study was to determine which angiogenesis molecule(s) abnormalities were changed in plasma of AD subjects and whether plasma levels of angiogenesis factors were associated with cognitive function and risk of AD. Discovery-phase antibody arrays were used to detect plasma concentrations of 55 angiogenesis-related factors. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in a large cohort were further performed to identify the association of plasma angiogenesis factors with AD. We found that plasma angiogenin (ANG) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4) levels were higher in patients with AD than those in normal subjects. Significantly higher ANG and TIMP-4 were observed in the severe AD group relative to the mild AD. There were different levels of plasma ANG and TIMP-4 compared with vascular dementia and other dementias. Age or gender had no major effects on levels of these proteins. Plasma ANG and TIMP-4 levels tended to be higher in ApoE ε4 carriers compared with non-carriers, but not significantly. A multiple regression analysis after adjusting for covariates revealed correlations between plasma ANG and TIMP-4 and the MMSE and CDR. Higher plasma ANG and TIMP-4 levels were associated with significant AD risk. These results demonstrate that plasma ANG and TIMP-4 may reflect the severity of cognitive function impairment, and higher levels were associated with risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangfei Jia
- Department of Computer Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumei Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Aihong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Baoquan Min
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Cuibai Wei
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xing
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumin Dong
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yining Gao
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
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Kaur N, Sunil Kumar BV, Mahajan K, Singh S. Expression and characterization of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 4 from complex canine mammary carcinomas. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2016; 37:515-26. [PMID: 26979595 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2016.1162800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
All four members of the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP) family have been reported to be over-expressed in breast cancer cells in vitro. Dysregulation of TIMP-4 expression predicts poor prognosis in cancers. The present study evaluated the association of the expression levels of TIMP-4 with mammary tumor development in dogs, measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Mammary tissue samples were collected from healthy canine mammary gland and from tumor subjects. TIMP-4 expression was found to be upregulated (5.856 times) in complex canine mammary carcinomas. Also, TIMP-4 mature peptide was expressed heterologously in E. coli. The recombinant protein was purified by Ni- NTA affinity chromatography and further confirmed by western blotting. The rTIMP-4 was found to be functionally active and could inhibit matrix metalloproteinase 11(MMP-11) activity. Immunization of mice with rTIMP-4 resulted in increased antigen specific serum antibody titer, and this serum could be suitably used to detect and quantify the protein in sera of dogs with mammary tumors. TIMP-4 could act as a marker of canine mammary tumors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of heterologous expression of TIMP-4 from complex canine mammary carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- a School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Ludhiana , India
| | - B V Sunil Kumar
- a School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Ludhiana , India
| | - Kanika Mahajan
- a School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Ludhiana , India
| | - Satparkash Singh
- a School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Ludhiana , India
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Zhang Y, Ma Q, Yang H, Long Y, Liu X, Zhou C. Maternal plasma TIMP-4 levels combined with clinical risk factors for the early prediction of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 292:1043-50. [PMID: 25986893 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to create a model for early predicting pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) using plasma markers and clinical risk factors. METHODS A nested case-control study was performed at the Laboratory Department of Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center. From a prospective cohort of tens of thousands of unselected women with singleton pregnancies at 8-20 weeks gestation, maternal plasma samples were obtained from 73 women who subsequently developed PIH (PIH group) and 146 gestational age- and maternal age-matched women with normotensive pregnancies (control group). Proteins extracted from the plasma samples were screened by microchip and verified by ELISA. Clinical risk factor data were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Compared to the control group, high concentrations of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4) were found in women with PIH (P = 0.000). Univariate risk factor analysis identified three variables with significant differences between the groups: family history of PIH (P = 0.031), body mass index (BMI; P < 0.001), and non-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency-induced anemia (P < 0.027). Multiple regression analyses revealed a significant relationship of PIH with TIMP-4 levels, BMI, and family history (combined area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.820). CONCLUSION Upregulation of plasma TIMP-4 might contribute to PIH processes. Potential risk factors of this disease may include a family history of PIH and BMI. The combination of TIMP-4 levels and these risk factors may have some predictive values for PIH. Future multicenter studies including greater numbers of samples, analyzed proteins, and risk factors are needed to obtain a higher predictive value of the model for the clinical diagnosis of PIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Laboratory Department, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinling Ma
- Laboratory Department, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongling Yang
- Laboratory Department, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Long
- Laboratory Department, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Liu
- Laboratory Department, The 324th Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Laboratory Department, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Xin J, Ding W, Hao S, Jiang L, Zhou Q, Wu T, Shi D, Cao H, Li L, Li J. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived hepatocytes express tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 4 and follistatin. Liver Int 2015; 35:2301-10. [PMID: 25645195 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC) transplantation is expected to become an alternative regenerative technique for liver diseases. However, the mechanism by which hBMSCs differentiate into hepatocytes is still unclear. The aim of this study was to establish the specific characteristics of hBMSC-derived hepatocytes (hBMSC-Heps) for future clinical applications. METHODS Potential hBMSC-Hep biomarkers were screened using cytokine arrays. Significant biomarkers were then validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in vitro and in an in vivo xenotransplantation model in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) pigs. RESULTS After 20 days of differentiation, the expression levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 4 (TIMP-4) and follistatin (FST) in functional hBMSC-Heps were significantly increased, whereas those of activin A, osteoprotegerin and platelet-derived growth factor α polypeptide (PDGF-A) were significantly decreased. The high levels of TIMP-4 and FST were validated by ELISA in hBMSC-Heps grown in differentiation medium. The in vivo xenotransplantation model in FHF pigs showed that the serum levels of TIMP-4 and FST were significantly increased 6 h after hBMSC transplantation and reached their highest levels at 24 and 48 h, respectively, after hBMSC transplantation. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that TIMP-4 and FST were expressed in cultured hBMSC-Heps and in implanted hBMSC-Heps in pig livers. CONCLUSIONS The transdifferentiation of hBMSCs into hepatocytes is associated with the expression of TIMP-4 and FST. TIMP-4 and FST represent potential novel biomarkers for the characterisation of hBMSC-Heps and may be useful for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenchao Ding
- Systems Biology Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaorui Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianzhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongcui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Mejia-Cristobal LM, Reus E, Lizarraga F, Espinosa M, Ceballos-Cancino G, López TV, Garay S, Maldonado V, Melendez-Zajgla J. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases-4 ( TIMP-4) modulates adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2015; 335:207-15. [PMID: 25999146 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) are multifunctional proteins that inhibit matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). The latest described member of the family, TIMP-4, is expressed mainly in adipose tissue, with detectable levels in the brain and heart. Besides its high expression in fat, the role of this inhibitor in adipose tissue is unknown. In order to study the role of TIMP-4 during adipogenesis in vitro, 3T3-L1 cells were stably transfected with a TIMP-4 specific shRNA or a control shRNA. Unexpectedly, upon TIMP-4 knockdown, 3T3-L1 cells differentiated faster into mature adipocytes. To get better insight of TIMP-4's role in adipogenesis, microarray expression analyses were performed. Network enrichment analyses uncovered 25 significant upstream signaling pathways, among which the NFκB cascade was found. Previous works have shown that NFκB is a key regulator of adipogenesis. In accordance, we found that TIMP-4 knockdown decreased NFκB activity during adipogenesis. The present work suggests that TIMP-4 might act as a negative regulator of adipogenesis through NFκB cascade modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz María Mejia-Cristobal
- Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Functional Genomics Laboratory, Periferico Sur 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico D.F. 14610, Mexico.
| | - Erika Reus
- Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Functional Genomics Laboratory, Periferico Sur 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico D.F. 14610, Mexico.
| | - Floria Lizarraga
- Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Functional Genomics Laboratory, Periferico Sur 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico D.F. 14610, Mexico.
| | - Magali Espinosa
- Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Functional Genomics Laboratory, Periferico Sur 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico D.F. 14610, Mexico.
| | - Gisela Ceballos-Cancino
- Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Functional Genomics Laboratory, Periferico Sur 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico D.F. 14610, Mexico.
| | - Tania V López
- Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Functional Genomics Laboratory, Periferico Sur 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico D.F. 14610, Mexico.
| | - Sergio Garay
- Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Functional Genomics Laboratory, Periferico Sur 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico D.F. 14610, Mexico.
| | - Vilma Maldonado
- Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Functional Genomics Laboratory, Periferico Sur 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico D.F. 14610, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Melendez-Zajgla
- Basic Research Subdirection, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Functional Genomics Laboratory, Periferico Sur 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico D.F. 14610, Mexico.
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Huang W, Mabrouk ME, Sylvester J, Dehnade F, Zafarullah M. Enhanced expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-4 gene in human osteoarthritic synovial membranes and its differential regulation by cytokines in chondrocytes. Open Rheumatol J 2011; 5:81-7. [PMID: 22216069 PMCID: PMC3245407 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901105010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are multi-functional proteins with matrix metalloproteinases-inhibiting activities. We studied expression of anti-inflammatory, TIMP-4 gene in human joint tissues and its regulation by arthritis-associated cytokines. Results: TIMP-4 RNA expression originating from synovial fibroblasts was significantly (2.4 fold; p<0.001) elevated in 8 osteoarthritic (OA) versus 7 non-arthritic synovial membranes. Non-arthritic and OA femoral head and knee chondrocytes displayed substantial but variably constitutive expression of the TIMP-4 mRNA. In articular chondrocytes, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) and oncostatin M (OSM) upregulated TIMP-4 RNA and protein expression while interleukin-1 (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) did not, suggesting differential regulation by arthritis-associated cytokines. Interleukin 17 (IL-17) mildly induced TIMP-4 mRNA. TGF-β1 induction of TIMP-4 expression was partly inhibited by ERK pathway and Sp1 transcription factor inhibitors. Conclusion: Enhanced TIMP-4 gene expression in OA synovial membranes and cartilage may be due to induction by TGF-β1, OSM and IL-17, suggesting its pathophysiological role in tissue remodeling in human joints. TGF-β1 induction of TIMP-4 expression is mediated partly by ERK pathway and Sp1 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal and Research Center of CHUM (CRCHUM) Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H2L 4M1, Canada
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Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a central role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Following liver injury, these cells proliferate and are activated to a profibrogenic myofibroblastic phenotype. In addition to increased matrix protein synthesis, there is evidence to indicate that these cells are able to regulate matrix degradation. In the early phases of their cellular activation, HSC release matrix metalloproteinases with the ability to degrade the normal liver matrix. When HSC are fully activated, there is a net down-regulation of matrix degradation mediated by increased synthesis and extracellular release of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and -2. These studies in cell culture have been complemented by in vivo studies of hepatic TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 gene expression. In advanced human liver disease of various aetiologies, there is increased TIMP-1-mRNA and protein and increased TIMP-2-mRNA in fibrotic liver compared with control liver. Temporal studies of progressive rat liver fibrosis caused by bile duct ligation or by carbon tetrachloride, indicate an important role for increased TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression in pathogenesis. Moreover, in a rat model of reversible liver fibrosis, matrix remodelling and resolution of liver fibrosis is closely associated, temporally, with a marked decrease in TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression. These combined cell culture and in vivo findings have led us to investigate the mechanisms of regulation of TIMP-1 gene expression in hepatic stellate cells. Our recent data indicate that transcriptional regulation of TIMP-1 gene expression in HSC is mediated via a mechanism which differs considerably from that previously identified in skin fibroblasts. We conclude that increased TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression by HSC plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. This may represent an important therapeutic target in the design of anti-fibrotic strategies for chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jp Arthur
- University Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Derek A Mann
- University Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - John P Iredale
- University Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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