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Qiao H, Tan J, Wen S, Zhang M, Xu S, Jin L. De Novo Dissecting the Three-Dimensional Facial Morphology of 2379 Han Chinese Individuals. Phenomics 2024; 4:1-12. [PMID: 38605903 PMCID: PMC11003940 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Phenotypic diversity, especially that of facial morphology, has not been fully investigated in the Han Chinese, which is the largest ethnic group in the world. In this study, we systematically analyzed a total of 14,838 facial traits representing 15 categories with both a large-scale three-dimensional (3D) manual landmarking database and computer-aided facial segmented phenotyping in 2379 Han Chinese individuals. Our results illustrate that homogeneous and heterogeneous facial morphological traits exist among Han Chinese populations across the three geographical regions: Zhengzhou, Taizhou, and Nanning. We identified 1560 shared features from extracted phenotypes, which characterized well the basic facial morphology of the Han Chinese. In particular, heterogeneous phenotypes showing population structures corresponded to geographical subpopulations. The greatest facial variation among these geographical populations was the angle of glabella, left subalare, and right cheilion (p = 3.4 × 10-161). Interestingly, we found that Han Chinese populations could be classified into northern Han, central Han, and southern Han at the phenotypic level, and the facial morphological variation pattern of central Han Chinese was between the typical differentiation of northern and southern Han Chinese. This result was highly consistent with the results revealed by the genetic data. These findings provide new insights into the analysis of multidimensional phenotypes as well as a valuable resource for further facial phenotype-genotype association studies in Han Chinese and East Asian populations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-023-00109-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Jingze Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Shaoqing Wen
- Institute of Archaeological Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Menghan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Institute of Modern Languages and Linguistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 China
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