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Srivastava D, Favez O, Petit JE, Zhang Y, Sofowote UM, Hopke PK, Bonnaire N, Perraudin E, Gros V, Villenave E, Albinet A. Speciation of organic fractions does matter for aerosol source apportionment. Part 3: Combining off-line and on-line measurements. Sci Total Environ 2019; 690:944-955. [PMID: 31302558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study proposes an advanced methodology to refine the source apportionment of organic aerosol (OA). This methodology is based on the combination of offline and online datasets in a single Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis using the multilinear engine (ME-2) algorithm and a customized time synchronization procedure. It has been applied to data from measurements conducted in the Paris region (France) during a PM pollution event in March 2015. Measurements included OA ACSM (Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor) mass spectra and specific primary and secondary organic molecular markers from PM10 filters on their original time resolution (30 min for ACSM and 4 h for PM10 filters). Comparison with the conventional PMF analysis of the ACSM OA dataset (PMF-ACSM) showed very good agreement for the discrimination between primary and secondary OA fractions with about 75% of the OA mass of secondary origin. Furthermore, the use of the combined datasets allowed the deconvolution of 3 primary OA (POA) factors and 7 secondary OA (SOA) factors. A clear identification of the source/origin of 54% of the total SOA mass could be achieved thanks to specific molecular markers. Specifically, 28% of that fraction was linked to combustion sources (biomass burning and traffic emissions). A clear identification of primary traffic OA was also obtained using the PMF-combined analysis while PMF-ACSM only gave a proxy for this OA source in the form of total hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) mass concentrations. In addition, the primary biomass burning-related OA source was explained by two OA factors, BBOA and OPOA-like BBOA. This new approach has showed undeniable advantages over the conventional approaches by providing valuable insights into the processes involved in SOA formation and their sources. However, the origins of highly oxidized SOA could not be fully identified due to the lack of specific molecular markers for such aged SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Srivastava
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France.
| | - O Favez
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - J-E Petit
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Y Zhang
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - U M Sofowote
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - P K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - N Bonnaire
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Perraudin
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - V Gros
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Villenave
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - A Albinet
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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Schmidt M, Obermaisser R. Adaptive and technology-independent architecture for fault-tolerant distributed AAL solutions. Comput Biol Med 2017; 95:236-247. [PMID: 29157726 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Today's architectures for Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) must cope with a variety of challenges like flawless sensor integration and time synchronization (e.g. for sensor data fusion) while abstracting from the underlying technologies at the same time. Furthermore, an architecture for AAL must be capable to manage distributed application scenarios in order to support elderly people in all situations of their everyday life. This encompasses not just life at home but in particular the mobility of elderly people (e.g. when going for a walk or having sports) as well. Within this paper we will introduce a novel architecture for distributed AAL solutions whose design follows a modern Microservices approach by providing small core services instead of a monolithic application framework. The architecture comprises core services for sensor integration, and service discovery while supporting several communication models (periodic, sporadic, streaming). We extend the state-of-the-art by introducing a fault-tolerance model for our architecture on the basis of a fault-hypothesis describing the fault-containment regions (FCRs) with their respective failure modes and failure rates in order to support safety-critical AAL applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schmidt
- University of Siegen, Chair for Embedded Systems, Hölderlinstr. 3, 57076 Siegen, Germany.
| | - Roman Obermaisser
- University of Siegen, Chair for Embedded Systems, Hölderlinstr. 3, 57076 Siegen, Germany.
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