1
|
Polukarova M, Hjort M, Gustafsson M. Comprehensive approach to national tire wear emissions: Challenges and implications. Sci Total Environ 2024; 924:171391. [PMID: 38431172 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The use of vehicle tires has been identified as a major source of microplastics in the environment and an increasing source of urban particulate air pollution. In light of increasing traffic volumes, increasingly heavier and more powerful vehicles due to trends and electrification, and the lack of tire wear regulation, methods to estimate and monitor changes in national emissions are needed as input for environmental impact assessments. Emission estimations of tire wear are made either based on the mileage approach or the sales approach. This study aims to investigate if and how the mileage approach can be improved by using emission factors for passenger cars and LDVs based on our own measurements and emission factors from the literature for HDVs and buses. An approach with emission factor adjustments based on weight and number of tires in combination with highly detailed mileage data has been evaluated. Sales approach calculations have been used to validate the method. A secondary aim was to use the new mileage approach framework to calculate the national tire wear emissions for Sweden. These calculations resulted in slightly lower total emissions than previous estimations provide, but with higher emissions for passenger cars and light-duty vehicles, and lower emissions for heavy-duty vehicles and motorcycles. Passenger cars constitute more than half of the total emissions. It is concluded that even though the framework offers greater detail, thus increasing the possibilities to adjust for changes in emission factors and mileages in specific vehicle categories, the challenges posed by such factors as the lack of measured emission factors for heavy-duty vehicles and uncertainties regarding the quality of mileage statistics makes the estimations uncertain. Important future suggestions for research include establishing reliable emission factors, especially for heavy-duty vehicles, and initiating research to better understand how climate, road networks, surface properties, and vehicle fleet characteristics affect emission factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Polukarova
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute Linköping (VTI), Box 8072, SE-402 78 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mattias Hjort
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute Linköping (VTI), Bruksgatan 8, SE-222 36 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Mats Gustafsson
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute Linköping (VTI), SE-581 95 Linköping, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang L, Wang X, Yu J. A comparative study of the pyrolysis and hydrolysis conversion of tire. J Hazard Mater 2024; 468:133724. [PMID: 38382336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, we pyrolyzed a waste tire at various temperatures under an N2 atmosphere and a water environment in an autoclave reactor to investigate the effect of water on tire degradation. The analysis involved a comparison of product distribution, char properties, oil composition, and the behavior of heteroatom elements (especially oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur) under different atmospheres. Elemental analysis, functional-group identification, and chemical state analysis of sulfur were performed for chars. In addition, the chemical composition, elemental composition, and molecular weight of the produced oils were evaluated. The heavy fraction of oils, not detectable by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), was analyzed through Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). The findings revealed that high temperatures promoted oil cracking, resulting in the formation of light oils in both pyrolysis and hydrolysis processes. Compared to pyrolysis, hydrolysis generated a higher yield of low molecular-weight oil. Elevated hydrolysis temperatures promoted aromatization, yielding an oil with a low H/C ratio and a high double bond equivalent number. Consequently, the concentration of aromatics in the light fraction of oils generated from the hydrolysis process exceeded that in oils from the pyrolysis process. Temperature exhibited a limited impact on oil composition during the pyrolysis process. Hydrolysis promoted the release of heteroatom-containing compounds at low temperatures. During pyrolysis, nitrogen was gradually released from the solid phase, whereas nitrogen-containing compounds were released early during hydrolysis, with gas-phase nitrogen accounting for more than 50 wt% at 320 °C. A maximum D-limonene yield of 45.58% was obtained at 360 °C within 0 min of hydrolysis, with the potential conversion of D-limonene into aromatics at higher hydrolysis temperatures. These results contribute to the understanding of tire valorization via hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Likun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaochao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xing K, Cheng P, Wang Q, Li H. Optimal design of radial tire section layout based on thermal fatigue life improving. Heliyon 2024; 10:e22864. [PMID: 38163199 PMCID: PMC10756965 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The design of tire fatigue life was optimized by combining approximate model and finite element simulation, and compared with the tire endurance test results. The design variables are selected through sensitivity analysis of materials in various regions of the tire, and the thermal fatigue life of the tire is used as the objective function, and the approximate relationship between the design variables and the objective function is fitted based on the approximate model method, and the approximate model is optimized using genetic algorithm to find the optimal solution. The fatigue life of the tire is improved by about 25 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xing
- School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qingchun Wang
- School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Qingdao Haitong Axle Co., Ltd., No. 106, Jiefang Second Road, Jimo District, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prosser RS, Salole J, Hang S. Toxicity of 6PPD-quinone to four freshwater invertebrate species. Environ Pollut 2023; 337:122512. [PMID: 37673323 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p- phenylenediamine (6PPD) is used to protect the rubber in tires from oxidation, which extends the life of the tire. When oxidized, 6PPD is transformed into 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ). 6PPDQ, along with other tire ingredients, can enter aquatic ecosystems through the transport of tire wear particles in runoff during a precipitation event. The mass mortality of coho salmon following precipitation events in urban areas lead to the discovery that 6PPDQ is the likely cause due to coho salmon's relatively high sensitivity to 6PPDQ. The assessment of 6PPDQ toxicity to other aquatic species has expanded, but it has focused on fish. This study investigated the toxicity of 6PPDQ to four freshwater invertebrate species, larval burrowing mayfly (Hexagenia spp.), juvenile cladoceran (Daphnia magna), file ramshorn snail embryo (Planorbella pilsbryi), and adult washboard mussel (Megalonaias nervosa). For all four species, the highest concentration of 6PPDQ tested did not result in significant mortality. This translated into the determination of the highest concentration that did not cause significant mortality (NOEC) for Hexagenia spp., D. magna, P. pilsbryi, and M. nervosa of 232.0, 42.0, 11.7, and 17.9 μg/L, respectively. The data from this study indicate that freshwater invertebrates are not as sensitive to 6PPDQ as some salmonid species (e.g., coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch). This study also analyzed 6PPDQ in road runoff from around the city of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. 6PPQ was detected in all samples but the concentration was two orders of magnitude lower than the NOECs for the four tested species of freshwater invertebrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Prosser
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - J Salole
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Hang
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
O'Loughlin DP, Haugen MJ, Day J, Brown AS, Braysher EC, Molden N, Willis AE, MacFarlane M, Boies AM. Multi-element analysis of tyre rubber for metal tracers. Environ Int 2023; 178:108047. [PMID: 37419058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify a characteristic elemental tyre fingerprint that can be utilised in atmospheric source apportionment calculations. Currently zinc is widely used as a single element tracer to quantify tyre wear, however several authors have highlighted issues with this approach. To overcome this, tyre rubber tread was digested and has been analysed for 25 elements by ICP-MS to generate a multielement profile. Additionally, to estimate the percentage of the tyre made up of inert fillers, thermogravimetric analysis was performed on a subset. Comparisons were made between passenger car and heavy goods vehicle tyre composition, and a subset of tyres had both tread and sidewall sampled for further comparison. 19 of the 25 elements were detected in the analysis. The mean mass fraction of zinc detected was 11.17 g/kg, consistent with previous estimates of 1% of the tyre mass. Aluminium, iron, and magnesium were found to be the next most abundant elements. Only one source profile for tyre wear exists in both the US and EU air pollution species profile databases, highlighting the need for more recent data with better coverage of tyre makes and models. This study provides data on new tyres which are currently operating on-road in Europe and is therefore relevant for ongoing atmospheric studies assessing the levels of tyre wear particles in urban areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P O'Loughlin
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom; MRC Toxicology Unit, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Molly J Haugen
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Day
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Brown
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C Braysher
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Molden
- Emissions Analytics, Unit 2 CR Bates Industrial Estate, Stokenchurch, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire HP14 3PD, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Willis
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom.
| | - Adam M Boies
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yan S, Xia D, Lai NC, Jiang B, Liu X. New insight into the synergistic reactions involved in the hydrothermal co-liquefaction of synthetic polymer wastes by molecular dynamics and DFT methods. J Hazard Mater 2023; 449:131032. [PMID: 36821896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Coliquefying synthetic aliphatic and aromatic polymer wastes using supercritical water has drawn considerable research attention. However, the mechanisms of chemical reactions between different types of polymers are ambiguous. Herein, depolymerization mechanisms for individual polymers and reaction mechanisms for binary polymer mixtures were investigated using molecular dynamics and density functional theory (DFT). The innovative approach showed that the production of oil from individual polymers during HTL was hindered by (1) volatile C1-C4 molecules emitted from aliphatic polymers and (2) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produced from aromatic polymers. Interestingly, synergistic reactions among these byproducts from different polymers could promote oil production during coliquefaction. Specifically, the synergistic radical-related reactions included (1) the ring-opening of PAHs caused by C2H2 molecules emitted from aliphatic polymers and (2) the recombination of PHA branches and short-chain aliphatics. A considerable synergy between aromatic polymers with higher benzene ring contents and aliphatic polymers with lower H/C atomic ratios was observed near the critical temperature of 649 K. This work provides new insights into the synergistic reactions involved in the coliquefaction of synthetic polymers and gives useful guidance for realizing efficient oil production from mixed organic wastes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dehong Xia
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Energy Saving and Emission Reduction of Metallurgical Industry, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Nien-Chu Lai
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Binfan Jiang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mahjoub A, Hashemi SH, Petroody SSA. The role of baseflow and stormwater in transport of tire and bitumen particles in Tehran city: A dense urban environment. J Contam Hydrol 2023; 256:104180. [PMID: 37040678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater runoff is the main terrestrial source of tire and bitumen particles as emerging pollutants, which have adverse effects on receiving aquatic and terrestrial environments. In this study, the occurrence and characteristics of tire and bitumen particles in four rainfall events and three baseflow had been measured at the end of a dense urban catchment in Tehran metropolis. Particles were classified to 37-300, 300-500, and 500-5000 μm with stainless steel sieves, and hydrogen peroxide 30% was used for digestion of organic matter, following density separation with ZnCl2 (1.7-1.75 g/mL) to separate tire and bitumen particles from minerals. The type of tire and bitumen particles was determined by Micro-Raman and FTIR ATR. The number of tire and bitumen particles in rainfall events was 3.3-60.5 and 3.5-73 particles/L, respectively, and in the base flow were 0.5-3 and 0.8-6.5 particles/L, respectively. The most abundant size of tire and bitumen particles was 37-300 μm. The highest abundance of tire and bitumen particles was observed during a rainfall event in peak discharge. The results indicate the important role of urban stormwater runoff, where there are high vehicle traffic and high road density, in the release into the environment of bitumen and rubber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Mahjoub
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hashemi
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mohammadi A, Mostafavi E, Zaim M, Enayati A, Basseri HR, Mirolyaei A, Poormozafari J, Gouya MM. Imported tires; a potential source for the entry of Aedes invasive mosquitoes to Iran. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 49:102389. [PMID: 35753657 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION International trade of tires has been responsible for the introduction of invasive Aedes species into many countries. The present study aimed to determine the sources and volume of such trading in Iran and to establish and map points of entry for entomological surveillance. METHOD A list of tire importers, type and number of tires and source of their shipment was compiled, and the map of the main location(s) of their depot in the country was produced from 2017 to 2018. Contamination of imported tires with mosquito eggs or larvae was also determined. The samples from all parts of the warehouse were taken randomly from 4 to 20 tires every 15 days. In tires with a trace of water inside, the existence of the egg and larva of Aedes mosquitoes was investigated by sticking the glue band to the hot spot of left water inside the unpacked tires. RESULTS Approximately one-third of the annual tire requirements of Iran were imported from 15 countries, most of which were endemic to Aedes aegypti and or Ae. albopictus. It is obligatory to import only wrapped tires. About 10% of total country consumption is imported through informal markets and smuggled. However, the unofficially imported tires are usually not wrapped. The majority of tire imports were made through the southern ports of the country. The main sites for depots of imported tires were located in four Iranian provinces, namely Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, and Sistan and Baluchestan. The latter is extremely important given its border with Pakistan. Depot locations were mostly unstructured, and tires were kept in the open air. All these depot locations were at the edge of towns and residential areas. Priority areas for routine entomological surveillance were established. Such as the previous studies, surveillance of imported tires for the presence of Aedes eggs or larvae was negative in this study. DISCUSSION Mapping the entry points of imported tires and their origin is crucial to determine and prioritize sites for entomological surveillance of invasive mosquito species. Strengthening collaboration with customs authorities and the association of tire importers is imperative in this effort. The development of national rules and regulations for tire import is necessary to minimize the danger of the introduction of invasive vector species into the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Morteza Zaim
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - AhmadAli Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Basseri
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - AbdolReza Mirolyaei
- Iranian Center for Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Poormozafari
- Iranian Center for Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Gouya
- Iranian Center for Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tallec K, Huvet A, Yeuc'h V, Le Goïc N, Paul-Pont I. Chemical effects of different types of rubber-based products on early life stages of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. J Hazard Mater 2022; 427:127883. [PMID: 34863561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rubber products and debris with specific chemical signatures can release their constitutive compounds into the surrounding environment. We investigated the chemical toxicity of different types of new and used rubber products (tires, crumb rubber granulates, aquaculture rubber bands) on early life stages of a model marine organism, Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Leachates obtained from used products were generally less toxic than those from new ones. Leachates from new products induced embryotoxicity at different concentrations: oyster-farming rubber bands (lowest observed effect concentration, LOEC = 1 g L-1) and crumb rubber granulates (LOEC = 1 g L-1) > tires (LOEC = 10 g L-1). Moreover, new oyster-farming rubber bands induced spermiotoxicity at 10 g L-1 (-29% survival) resulting in decreased oyster reproductive output (-17% fertilization yield). Targeted chemical analyses revealed some compounds (2 mineral contaminants, 15 PAHs, 2 PCBs) in leachates, which may have played a role. Rubber used in marine aquaculture (rubber bands) or present at sea as waste (tire, crumb rubber granulates) therefore release hazardous chemical molecules under realistic conditions, which may affect oyster development. Aquaculture development work is necessary to improve practices for eco-safety, as efforts to limit the contamination of marine environments by terrestrial rubber debris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tallec
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Valérie Yeuc'h
- LABOCEA, 120 avenue de Rochon, CS10052, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Ika Paul-Pont
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Metzker SLO, Sabino TPF, Mendes JF, Ribeiro AGC, Mendes RF. Soil-Cement Bricks Development Using Polymeric Waste. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:21034-21048. [PMID: 34748178 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to evaluate the effect of adding different polymeric waste percentages and types on the physical, mechanical, thermal, and durability properties of soil-cement bricks. Tire and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste were evaluated at 1.5 and 3.0% (mass/mass). The soil was characterized in terms of shrinkage, compaction, consistency limits, particle size, and chemical analyses, whereas the waste particles were submitted to morphological characterization. The bricks were produced in an automatic press with a 90:10 (mass/mass) soil:cement ratio. The soil-cement bricks were characterized by density, moisture, water absorption, loss of mass by immersion, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and microstructural analysis. PET waste stood out for its use as reinforcement in soil-cement bricks. The best performance was obtained for bricks reinforced with 1.5% PET, which showed a significant compressive strength improvement, meeting the marketing standards criteria, even after the durability test, as well as obtaining the lowest thermal conductivity values. The percentage increase from 1.5 to 3.0% fostered a significant water absorption and loss of mass increase, as well as a significant compressive strength reduction of the bricks.
Collapse
|
11
|
Jeong H, Ryu JS, Ra K. Characteristics of potentially toxic elements and multi-isotope signatures (Cu, Zn, Pb) in non-exhaust traffic emission sources. Environ Pollut 2022; 292:118339. [PMID: 34637824 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-exhaust emissions (e.g., particles from brake pads, asphalt, curb, road paint, tire) are important sources of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) pollution in urban environments and are potential causes of PTEs pollution in road dust. We present the PTEs concentrations (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Sb, Pb) of non-exhaust emission sources and pollution degree of PTEs. Isotopic signatures of Cu, Zn, and Pb were also analyzed to distinguish these sources. Among PTEs, the Cu concentration in all brake pads was significantly high and brake pads from Korea showed remarkably high Sb concentrations. Asphalt had a higher Pb concentration than other non-exhaust emission sources. Mean of δ65CuAE647, δ66ZnIRMM3702, and 206Pb/207Pb values of non-exhaust emission sources in this study ranged from -0.49‰ to +0.19‰, -0.24‰ to +0.16‰, and 1.1535 to 1.4471, respectively. Non-exhaust emission sources could be discriminated by plotting the concentration and isotopic composition of Cu. Cu isotopic compositions (δ65CuAE647) were clearly distinguished between brake pads including domestic and imported products and tires. Zn isotope values (δ66ZnIRMM3702) of brake pads, tires, and asphalt overlapped, but discriminated from road paint and curb. Our results indicate that the combination of Cu and Zn isotopic signatures can distinguish various non-exhaust traffic emissions, especially brake pads and tires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeryeong Jeong
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan, 49111, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science (Oceanography), KIOST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sik Ryu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kongtae Ra
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan, 49111, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science (Oceanography), KIOST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bei L, Han Y, Qiao L, Bikane K, Yu J, Sun L. The in-situ effect of H 2S on the decomposition of natural rubber and catalyst activity. Chemosphere 2021; 283:131252. [PMID: 34153921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the pyrolysis of natural rubber (NR) under N2 and H2S atmosphere was performed to illustrate the possible effect of H2S on NR decomposition with and without catalysts. A molecular dynamics simulation based on reactive force field (ReaxFF) was also conducted to understand the interaction mechanism between H2S and intermediates from NR decomposition. Furthermore, the catalytic decomposition of NR under H2S atmosphere and the adsorption characteristics of H2S by zeolites alone were also carried out to investigate the effect of catalysts on sulfur behavior and the reversed effect of H2S on catalyst activity. This work revealed that the introduction of H2S can influence the yields of pyrolytic oil and gas, as well as composition of the oil. Combining experimental and simulation studies, H2S can interact with intermediates from NR decomposition forming sulfur-containing substances in pyrolytic oil. The H2S adsorption experiments by various catalysts revealed that catalysts can chemically adsorb H2S. The introduction of Zn can promote the adsorption ability by reacting with sulfur-containing substances to generate ZnS, with the desulfurization effect following the order of 3Zn/ZSM5 > ZSM5 > 3ZnO/ZSM5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kagiso Bikane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Lushi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mendes RF, Viana QS, Eugênio TMC, Mendes JF, Narciso CRP, Vilela AP. Study of the use of polymeric waste as reinforcement for extruded fiber-cement. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:42737-42749. [PMID: 33822298 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of post-consumption tires and plastics has become a significant environmental concern. New routes for recycling and using polymeric waste are needed since current treatment and disposal options do not reach the production of these materials. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the use of tire and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste at different amounts on the physical, mechanical, thermal, and durability properties of extruded fiber-cement. Portland cement was replaced with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% by weight of polymeric waste from tire and PET. The fiber-cement was evaluated at 28 curing days and after accelerated aging, for density, water absorption, porosity, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, proportionality limit, tenacity, and thermal conductivity properties. Tire and PET waste could be used as reinforcement material in fiber-cement, allowing for not only the correct destination and development of more sustainable new products but also the improvement of physical, mechanical, thermal, and durability properties of extruded fiber-cement.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang L, Luo Z, Zhen Z, Yan Y, Yan C, Ma X, Sun L, Wang M, Zhou X, Hu A. Bacterial community colonization on tire microplastics in typical urban water environments and associated impacting factors. Environ Pollut 2020; 265:114922. [PMID: 32554087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Only limited information is available on bacterial communities' dynamics on tire microplastics in urban water environments. This study exploited 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing to characterize bacterial communities on tire microplastics, using three different tire brands and tire sizes, in two typical urban water environments, including an influent pond of constructed wetland (CW) and its subsequent effluent into a landscape river (LR) during three different periods, namely, 1 month, 3 and 6 months. Results showed that the abundance of bacterial colonization on tire microplastics will increase over time. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes were the dominant bacteria at a phylum level, although they exhibited dynamic changes. At a genus level, the identifiable bacteria found in tire microplastics was generally the common bacteria in wastewater discharge, such as Aquabacterium and Denitratisoma. Additionally, alpha diversity showed no significant differences in bacterial communities at the same locations. While beta diversity showed that the bacterial communities on the tire microplastics in the two locations was different. BugBase revealed that tire microplastics could support pathogenic bacteria in urban water environments. PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) indicated that the abundance of microorganisms associated with metabolism and degradation increased with time. Moreover, the ambient environmental factors were the main influencing factors of bacterial communities on tire microplastics. Herein, the contribution rate of nutrient salts (NO2-N, NO3-N, NH4-N, CODcr) was approximately 63%, and that of environmental physical factors of T and pH was 50%. While physicochemical factors, including particle size, contact angle, element content only had a slight impact. Accordingly, tire microplastics, as an emerging environmental pollutant, can act as carries for bacterial colonization and propagation, particularly harmful microorganisms. Therefore, the obtained findings can provide new insight into potential risks of harmful microorganisms that colonize tire microplastics in urban water environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhuanxi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Zhuo Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yu Yan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Changzhou Yan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mei Wang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Anyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Spitzhüttl F, Goizet F, Unger T, Biesse F. The real impact of full hydroplaning on driving safety. Accid Anal Prev 2020; 138:105458. [PMID: 32058860 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery at the end of the 1950's, hydroplaning has been a matter of concern for drivers on wet roads because it can affect driver safety. Indeed, this phenomenon can lead to a complete loss of contact between the tire and the road caused by the layer of water that develops between them, resulting in a complete loss of longitudinal and lateral grip. Although the phenomenon of hydroplaning is about 60 years old, it is almost impossible to find any scientific estimation of how frequently vehicle accidents can be caused by hydroplaning, especially in Europe. To cover this gap, the well-known German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) project has assisted to conduct a study. Thanks to GIDAS, it was possible to identify a sufficient number of cases on wet roads including a high accuracy of information about relevant parameters. With a physical analysis of all the cases, it was possible to compute the probability for an accident case to be in a full hydroplaning situation. This allowed for a precise estimate of the real importance of full hydroplaning situations on accident occurrence, which appears to be a much rarer accident cause than most drivers think.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Spitzhüttl
- Institute for Traffic Accident Research (VUFO), Dresden University of Technology, France
| | - Fabrice Goizet
- Michelin, Ladoux Research Center, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thomas Unger
- Institute for Traffic Accident Research (VUFO), Dresden University of Technology, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Salavati S, Zhang C, Zhang S, Liu Q, Gholizadeh M, Hu X. Cross-interaction during Co-gasification of wood, weed, plastic, tire and carton. J Environ Manage 2019; 250:109467. [PMID: 31470195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the gasification of wood, weed, plastic, tire, carton and their mixtures using zeolite (A4 type) as a catalyst, with the purpose of investigating the potential interactions of the various feedstocks during gasification. The co-gasification of the mixed feedstock led to the occurrences of the cross-interactions, which substantially impacted the distribution of the products in gasification. During the co-gasification, the pyrolysis/gasification of the different feedstocks produced the reaction intermediates with varied structures that interacted with each other and with the char formed from the different feedstock. The interaction could promote the gasification of the tarry compounds into gaseous products, which could also promote the gasification of the char to lower the char yields. Further to this, the cross-polymerisation or cracking of the varied reaction intermediates also took place during the co-gasification, leading to the formation of more coke deposits on catalyst. The co-gasification of the mixed feedstocks significantly impacted the reaction network, impacting the formation of gases, tar, char and the coke on catalysts, originating from the cross-interaction among the reaction intermediates derived from the pyrolysis/gasification of the various feedstocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Salavati
- Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - ChenTing Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Shu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, PR China
| | - Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong, China
| | - Mortaza Gholizadeh
- Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Xun Hu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Leads RR, Weinstein JE. Occurrence of tire wear particles and other microplastics within the tributaries of the Charleston Harbor Estuary, South Carolina, USA. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 145:569-582. [PMID: 31590826 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (<5 mm) are ubiquitous in the marine environment, occurring in both sediments and surface waters worldwide. However, few studies have documented the presence of microplastics and tire wear particles in coastal rivers. A survey of microplastics and low-density tire wear particles (≥63 μm) in the sediment and surface water of the three major tributaries within the Charleston Harbor estuary was conducted. Intertidal sediment, subtidal sediment, and sea surface microlayer concentrations ranged from 0 to 652 microplastics/m2, 3-4,375 microplastics/kg wet weight, and 3-36 microplastics/L, respectively. Blue fibers and tire wear particles were the two most abundant microplastic types observed, constituting 26.2% and 17.1%, respectively, of total microplastics. Tire wear particles were primarily identified by morphology, and ATR-FTIR analysis was conducted for a small subset (n = 5) of larger particles (≥500 μm). The present study provides the first microplastic field assessment of low-density tire wear particles in estuarine tributaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Leads
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, 205 Ft. Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
| | - John E Weinstein
- Department of Biology, The Citadel, Military College of South Carolina, 171 Moultrie St., Charleston, SC 29409, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fang S, Gu W, Dai M, Xu J, Yu Z, Lin Y, Chen J, Ma X. A study on microwave-assisted fast co-pyrolysis of chlorella and tire in the N 2 and CO 2 atmospheres. Bioresour Technol 2018; 250:821-827. [PMID: 30001589 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The microwave-assisted fast co-pyrolysis of chlorella and tire with additive under N2 and CO2 atmospheres were investigated. The pyrolysis profiles, yields of three-phase, the chemical composition of liquid and the ultimate analyses of solid residues were gained. With the tire ratio increasing, all the characters had the changes. The finial temperature had a wave change. The yield of liquid decreased and the chemical composition obtained in liquid of oxygenates compounds decreased, while hydrocarbon compounds increased, among which aromatic hydrocarbons had the highest content. The yield of solid increased, the HHV had a wave change and the values of H/C decreased. Under CO2 atmosphere, the final temperatures were lower with 70% and 100% chlorella ratios, the yield difference of liquid reached the minimal with 70% and 30% chlorella ratios. According to the quantity and quality of liquid and solid, and the former results, 50% percentage of tire was the suitable ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Fang
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlu Gu
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Minquan Dai
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachen Xu
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaosheng Yu
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Lin
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Adamiec E, Jarosz-Krzemińska E, Wieszała R. Heavy metals from non-exhaust vehicle emissions in urban and motorway road dusts. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:369. [PMID: 27226173 PMCID: PMC4880625 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The main sources of non-exhaust vehicular emissions that contribute to road dust are tire, brake and clutch wear, road surface wear, and other vehicle and road component degradation. This study is an attempt to identify and investigate heavy metals in urban and motorway road dusts as well as in dust from brake linings and tires. Road dust was collected from sections of the A-4 motorway in Poland, which is part of European route E40, and from urban roads in Katowice, Poland. Dust from a relatively unpolluted mountain road was collected and examined as a control sample. Selected metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, Se, Sr, Ba, Ti, and Pd were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-optical emission spectroscopy, and atomic absorption spectroscopy on a range of size-fractionated road dust and brake lining dust (<20, 20-56, 56-90, 90-250, and >250 μm). The compositions of brake lining and tire dust were also investigated using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy. To estimate the degree of potential environmental risk of non-exhaust emissions, comparison with the geochemical background and the calculations of geo-accumulation indices were performed. The finest fractions of urban and motorway dusts were significantly contaminated with all of the investigated metals, especially with Ti, Cu, and Cr, which are well-recognized key tracers of non-exhaust brake wear. Urban dust was, however, more contaminated than motorway dust. It was therefore concluded that brake lining and tire wear strongly contributed to the contamination of road dust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Adamiec
- Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Jarosz-Krzemińska
- Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Robert Wieszała
- Faculty of Transport, SUT Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 2A, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|