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Guo Z, Kong F, Xie N, Chen Z, Hu J, Chen X. Mechanistic Study on the Effect of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of Vildagliptin and its Carboxylic Acid Metabolite. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2147-2162. [PMID: 35790618 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the mechanism of renal impairment leading to different degrees of increased plasma exposure to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor vildagliptin and its major metabolite, M20.7. METHODS The 5/6 nephrectomized (5/6 Nx) rat model, to simulate chronic renal failure (CRF) patients, combined with kidney slices and transporter studies in vitro were used to assess this pharmacokinetic differences. RESULTS After intragastric administration to 5/6 Nx rats, vildagliptin showed increased plasma levels by 45.8%, and M20.7 by 7.51 times, which was similar to patients with severe renal impairment. The recovery rate of M20.7 in urine and feces increased by less than 20%, showing limited effect of renal impairment on vildagliptin metabolism. In vitro studies found M20.7 to be the substrate for organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3). However, the active uptake of M20.7 in renal slices showed no difference between the 5/6 Nx and normal rats. In OAT3 overexpressed cells, the protein-bound uremic toxins, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF), hippuric acid (HA) and indoxyl sulfate (IS), which accumulate in CRF patients, inhibited M20.7 uptake with IC50 values of 5.75, 29.0 and 69.5 μM respectively, far lower than plasma concentrations in CRF patients, and showed a mixed inhibition type. CONCLUSIONS The large increase in plasma exposure of M20.7 could be attributed to the accumulation of uremic toxins in CRF patients, which inhibited OAT3 activity and blocked renal excretion of M20.7, while vildagliptin, with high permeability, showed a slight increase in plasma exposure due to reduced glomerular filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitao Guo
- School of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road BaoShan District, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fandi Kong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ningjie Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhendong Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiafeng Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- School of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road BaoShan District, Shanghai, 200444, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Fraser-Spears R, Krause-Heuer AM, Basiouny M, Mayer FP, Manishimwe R, Wyatt NA, Dobrowolski JC, Roberts MP, Greguric I, Kumar N, Koek W, Sitte HH, Callaghan PD, Fraser BH, Daws LC. Comparative analysis of novel decynium-22 analogs to inhibit transport by the low-affinity, high-capacity monoamine transporters, organic cation transporters 2 and 3, and plasma membrane monoamine transporter. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 842:351-364. [PMID: 30473490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports involvement of low-affinity/high-capacity organic cation transporters (OCTs) and plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) in regulating clearance of monoamines. Currently decynium-22 (D22) is the best pharmacological tool to study these transporters, however it does not readily discriminate among them, underscoring a need to develop compounds with greater selectivity for each of these transporters. We developed seven D22 analogs, and previously reported that some have lower affinity for α1-adrenoceptors than D22 and showed antidepressant-like activity in mice. Here, we extend these findings to determine the affinity of these analogs for OCT2, OCT3 and PMAT, as well as serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine transporters (SERT, NET and DAT) using a combination of uptake competition with [3H]methyl-4-phenylpyridinium acetate in overexpressed HEK cells and [3H]citalopram, [3H]nisoxetine and [3H]WIN 35428 displacement binding in mouse hippocampal and striatal preparations. Like D22, all analogs showed greater binding affinities for OCT3 than OCT2 and PMAT. However, unlike D22, some analogs also showed modest affinity for SERT and DAT. Dual OCT3/SERT and/or OCT3/DAT actions of certain analogs may help explain their ability to produce antidepressant-like effects in mice and help account for our previous findings that D22 lacks antidepressant-like effects unless SERT function is either genetically or pharmacologically compromised. Though these analogs are not superior than D22 in discriminating among OCTs/PMAT, our findings point to development of compounds with combined ability to inhibit both low-affinity/high-capacity transporters, such as OCT3, and high-affinity/low-capacity transporters, such as SERT, as therapeutics with potentially improved efficacy for treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rheaclare Fraser-Spears
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States; University of the Incarnate Word, Feik School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, United States
| | - Anwen M Krause-Heuer
- The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Mohamed Basiouny
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States
| | - Felix P Mayer
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Währingerstraße 13A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Retrouvailles Manishimwe
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States
| | - Naomi A Wyatt
- The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | | | - Maxine P Roberts
- The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Ivan Greguric
- The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Naresh Kumar
- University of New South Wales, School of Chemistry, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Wouter Koek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Währingerstraße 13A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul D Callaghan
- The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Benjamin H Fraser
- The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Lynette C Daws
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States.
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