Molecular docking, SAR analysis and biophysical approaches in the study of the antibacterial activity of ceramides isolated from Cissus incisa

The developing of antibacterial resistance is becoming in crisis. In this sense, natural products play a fundamental role in the discovery of antibacterial agents with diverse mechanisms of action. Phytochemical investigation of Cissus incisa leaves led to isolation and characterization of the ceramides mixture (1): (8E)-2-(tritriacont-9-enoyl amino)-1,3,4-octadecanetriol-8-ene (1-I); (8E)-2-(2',3'-dihydroxyoctacosanoyl amino)-1,3,4-octadecanetriol-8-ene (1-II); (8E)-2-(2'-hydroxyheptacosanoyl amino)-1,3,4-octadecanetriol-8-ene (1-III); and (8E)-2-(-2'-hydroxynonacosanoyl amino)-1,3,4-octadecanetriol-8-ene (1-IV). Until now, this is the first report of the ceramides (1-I), (1-II), and (1-IV). The structures were elucidated using NMR and mass spectrometry analyses. Antibacterial activity of ceramides (1) and acetylated derivates (2) was evaluated against nine multidrug-resistant bacteria by Microdilution method. (1) showed the best results against Gram-negatives, mainly against carbapenems-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with MIC = 50 μg/mL. Structure-activity analysis and molecular docking revealed interactions between plant ceramides with membrane proteins, and enzymes associated with biological membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, through hydrogen bonding of functional groups. Vesicular contents release assay showed the capacity of (1) to disturb membrane permeability detected by an increase of fluorescence probe over time. The membrane disruption is not caused for ceramides lytic action on cell membranes, according in vitro hemolyticactivity results. Combining SAR analysis, bioinformatics and biophysical techniques, and also experimental tests, it was possible to explain the antibacterial action of these natural ceramides.