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Yip JA, Lee KK. Comedy, consensus, and conflict framework: Comedy as a norm violation can build consensus or escalate conflict in negotiations. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 57:101814. [PMID: 38626690 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we propose that humor violates norms that can build consensus or escalate conflict in negotiations. Drawing on social identity theory, we propose that humor commits norm violations that are more likely to be perceived as benign among ingroup observers in negotiations, but perceived as offensive to outgroup observers in negotiations. We introduce the Comedy, Consensus, and Conflict Framework to shed light on the interpersonal effect of humor on negotiations. When humor is expressed to an ingroup observer, relative to neutral communication, humor is more likely to violate weak norms that govern social group membership resulting in the violation as being perceived as benign, which promotes cooperative behaviors in negotiations such as concessions and collaborative problem-solving. By contrast, when humor is expressed to an outgroup observer, relative to neutral communication, humor is more likely to violate strong norms that define social group membership resulting in the violation as being interpreted as offensive, which triggers competitive behaviors in negotiations such as aggressive offers and hardened positions. Furthermore, we suggest that humor not only generates appraisals of social identity threats, but also affective responses that influence negotiation behavior. Finally, we expand our theoretical model about humor to consider key relational factors that influence norm strength, which motivates whether negotiators appraise norm violations as offensive or benign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Yip
- Georgetown University, McDonough School of Business, USA.
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Krause S, Radomsky AS. An Experimental Investigation of Moral Self- Violation and Mental Contamination. Cognit Ther Res 2023; 47:1-11. [PMID: 37363745 PMCID: PMC10199425 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-023-10388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Cognitive models of mental contamination (feelings of dirtiness/washing behaviour that arise without direct contact with a contaminant) highlight the central role of perceptions of violation in the onset and maintenance of these feelings. Little research has been done to clarify violation-specific appraisals relevant to mental contamination. Perceptions of violation of one's moral self-concept may represent one such appraisal domain. This experiment aimed to examine the impact of these appraisals on feelings of mental contamination. Methods One hundred and fifty participants received false feedback that they scored high on a morality subscale of a bogus personality test. They then completed a writing task wherein their degree of moral self-violation was manipulated. They received a writing prompt corresponding to one of three randomly assigned conditions (violated self (VS), bolstered self (BS), general negative (GN)). Finally, participants completed measures of mental contamination. Results The manipulation was effective at violating participants' moral self-concept. Those in the VS condition reported significantly higher levels of feelings of mental contamination than those in the BS or GN conditions. There were no significant differences between conditions regarding urges to wash. Conclusions Findings highlight the relevance of moral self-violation in the understanding and treatment of mental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Krause
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Adam S. Radomsky
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
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Cetthakrikul N, Kelly M, Banwell C, Baker P, Smith J. Regulation of baby food marketing in Thailand: a NetCode analysis. Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:1-13. [PMID: 35733357 PMCID: PMC9991832 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980022001446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report on the prevalence of different types of breast-milk substitutes (BMS) marketing and the compliance of such marketing with the 'Control of Marketing of Infant and Young Child Food Act 2017' (The Act) and the 'International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (WHO Code)' in Thailand. DESIGN Cross-sectional quantitative study, guided by the WHO/UNICEF NetCode Periodic Assessment Protocol. SETTING Health facilities and retail outlets in Bangkok, Thai media. PARTICIPANTS Mothers of 0-2-year-old children, health professionals, promotions at retail outlets and health facilities, product labels, marketing on television and the internet. RESULTS Marketing to mothers was highly prevalent, mostly from electronic or digital media, while BMS companies provided items to health professionals to distribute to mothers. Promotional materials in health facilities displayed company brands or logos. At retail outlets, most promotions were price-related. Approximately two-fifths of labels contained nutrition or health claims. Television marketing was growing-up-milk (GUM) advertisements, while internet promotions were varied from price-related materials to product reviews. Most instances of non-compliant BMS marketing with the Act were advertisements to mothers, and most were infant formula. Most non-compliant BMS marketing with the WHO Code was mainly concerned GUM, which are not covered by the Act and appeared in the media. CONCLUSIONS BMS marketing does not fully comply with the Act or the WHO Code. The Thai government should conduct regular monitoring and enforcement activities, educate health professionals, and strengthen the Act's provisions on the media and GUM to fully align with the WHO Code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisachol Cetthakrikul
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT2601, Australia
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Matthew Kelly
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT2601, Australia
| | - Cathy Banwell
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT2601, Australia
| | - Phillip Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Julie Smith
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT2601, Australia
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Alshatti FA, AlMubarak SH. The prevalence of medical violation claims and associated predictors at the Eastern Province in Saudi Arabia: A logistic regression analysis. J Forensic Leg Med 2021; 85:102300. [PMID: 34942462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite efforts to improve healthcare delivery and ensure patient safety, medicolegal claims in Saudi Arabia remain a concerning issue. This study investigated medical violation claims referred to the medical violation committee in the Eastern Province in Saudi Arabia. A retrospective study was conducted on medical violation claims from 2016 to 2019. Binary logistic regression was performed to examine the association between issued verdicts and a set of defendant, plaintiff and healthcare institution variables. During the study's period, the medical violation committee reached final verdicts against 1242 healthcare professionals in which 69% of them were found guilty. The majority of the defendants worked in private healthcare institutions (66%), were physicians (30%), male (53%), and non-Saudi (64%). Working at pharmacies, other healthcare settings, and the private sector were significantly associated with receiving a guilty verdict. Male healthcare professionals as well as pharmacists were found to have a higher likelihood to receive a guilty verdict than their respective counterparts. Medical violation claims filled by the Ministry of Health were more likely to receive guilty verdicts than those filled by patients or healthcare professionals. Findings of the study extend the literature on medicolegal claims and introduces implications for healthcare professionals and policymakers at institutional and national levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sama'a Hamed AlMubarak
- College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 2835 King Faisal Road, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia.
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El-Desouky A, Silva PS, Ferreira A, Wibawa GA, Vaz R, Pereira P. How accurate is fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous pedicle screw placement in minimally invasive TLIF? Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 205:106623. [PMID: 33857812 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The accuracy of pedicle screws placement has been the subject of many studies and varied rates of screw malposition have been reported. This study evaluates the placement of pedicle screw inserted percutaneously, guided by intraoperative 2D fluoroscopy, in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF). METHODS Retrospective study of patients who underwent MIS-TLIF from 2007 to 2016 in a single center, for degenerative pathology. All patients had a follow-up lumbar CT scan one year after surgery to evaluate pedicle violation, location and degree. Gertzbein classification was used for description of the degree of violation. RESULTS This study included 241 patients, with a mean age of 57 years (SD 11.69). A total of 1045 screws were evaluated. Most patients were fused at L4-L5 or L5-S1 levels. The total rate of pedicle walls' violation was 13.97%, however only 4.31% of the screws presented violations exceeding 2 mm. Only 5 patients were reoperated because of complaints related to screw malposition (0.48% of all screws). There was a trend for an increased rate of pedicle violation for upper lumbar pedicles (p < 0.001). For S1 screws, violations were more common on left pedicle screws (17.89% vs 7.53%, p = 0.03), with an Odds Ratio of 2.68 (95% CI: 1.07-6.80). CONCLUSION Percutaneous pedicle screw insertion guided by intraoperative 2 D fluoroscopy in MIS-TLIF is safe and most of pedicle violations seem to be minor and without clinical consequences. In S1 screws, the surgeon's side was more prone to violation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Santos Silva
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal; Neurosciences Center, CUF Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Rui Vaz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal; Neurosciences Center, CUF Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pereira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal; Neurosciences Center, CUF Porto, Portugal
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Cheng TW, Farber A, Forsyth AM, Levin SR, Haqqani M, Kalish JA, Siracuse JJ. Vascular surgery-related violations of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act. J Vasc Surg 2021; 74:599-604.e1. [PMID: 33548417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA) is a federal law established in 1986 to ensure that patients who present to an emergency department receive medical care regardless of means. Violations are reported to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and can result in significant financial penalties. Our objective was to assess all available EMTALA violations for vascular-related issues. METHODS EMTALA violations in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services publicly available hospital violations database from 2011 to 2018 were evaluated for vascular-related issues. Details recorded were case type, hospital type, hospital region, reasons for violation, disposition, and mortality. RESULTS There were 7001 patients identified with any EMTALA violation and 98 (1.4%) were deemed vascular related. The majority (82.7%) of EMTALA violations occurred at urban/suburban hospitals. Based on the Association of American Medical Colleges United States region, vascular-related EMTALA violations occurred in the Northeast (7.1%), Southern (56.1%), Central (18.4%), and Western (18.4%) United States. Case types included cerebrovascular (28.6%), aortic related (22.4%; which consisted of ruptured aortic aneurysms [8.2%], aortic dissection [11.2%], and other aortic [3.1%]), vascular trauma (15.3%), venous-thromboembolic (15.3%), peripheral arterial disease (9.2%), dialysis access (5.1%), bowel ischemia (3.1%), and other (1%) cases. Patients were transferred to another facility in 41.8% of cases. The most common reasons for violation were specialty refusal or unavailability (30.6%), inappropriate documentation (29.6%), misdiagnosis (18.4%), poor communication (17.3%), inappropriate triage (13.3%), failure to obtain diagnostic laboratory tests or imaging (12.2%), and ancillary or nursing staff issues (7.1%). The overall mortality was 19.4% and 31.6% died during the index emergency department visit. Vascular conditions associated with death were venous thromboembolism (31.6%), ruptured aortic aneurysm (21.1%), aortic dissection (21.1%), other aortic causes (10.5%), vascular trauma (10.5%), and bowel ischemia (5.3%). CONCLUSIONS Although the frequency of vascular-related EMTALA violations was low, improvements in communication, awareness of vascular disease among staff, specialty staffing, and the development of referral networks and processes are needed to ensure that patients receive adequate care and that institutions are not placed at undue risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Cheng
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Alik Farber
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Alexandra M Forsyth
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Scott R Levin
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Maha Haqqani
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Jeffrey A Kalish
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Jeffrey J Siracuse
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
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Kim JS, Bae JB, Han K, Hong JW, Han JH, Kim TH, Kwak KP, Kim K, Kim BJ, Kim SG, Kim JL, Kim TH, Moon SW, Park JY, Park JH, Byun S, Suh SW, Seo JY, So Y, Ryu SH, Youn JC, Lee KH, Lee DY, Lee DW, Lee SB, Lee JJ, Lee JR, Jeong H, Jeong HG, Jhoo JH, Han JW, Kim KW. Driving-Related Adverse Events in the Elderly Men: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:744-750. [PMID: 32683838 PMCID: PMC7449837 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study estimated the incidence of driving-related adverse events and examined the association of cognitive function with the risk of future driving-related adverse events in the elderly Korean male population. METHODS We analyzed 1,172 male drivers aged 60 years or older in the Korean Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging and Dementia (KLOSCAD). Using the data from Korean National Police Agency, we classified the participants into three groups: safe driving (drove for 2 years after baseline without a traffic accident or repeated violations), driving cessation (stopped driving), and risky driving (one or more traffic accidents or repeated violations). We estimated the incidences of driving cessation and risky driving, and examined the effect of cognitive function on their risks. RESULTS The incidence of driving cessation and risky driving in the Korean male drivers aged 60 years or older was 19.3 and 69.9 per 1,000 person-years respectively and increased in the late 80s. Drivers with better baseline Word List Memory Test scores showed less risky driving (OR=0.94, p=0.039). CONCLUSION Driving-related adverse events increased in late 80s, and better memory function was protective against these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bin Bae
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhee Han
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Hong
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Han
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hui Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Phil Kwak
- Department of Psychiatry, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kayoung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Jo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Gyeom Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Lan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Woo Moon
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Park
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hyuk Park
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonjeong Byun
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Wan Suh
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonseop So
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chul Youn
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyunggi Provincial Hospital for the Elderly, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Bongseng Memorial Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Bum Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Jae Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ri Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ghang Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyeong Jhoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Han
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Woong Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The aim of this work is to focus on a basic concept in Brunerian narrative theory, that of violation of canonicity, showing how it relates to other basic concepts of cognitive theories such as anomaly, expectation and relationship between constancy and variability. To reach this aim, we will firstly discuss the Piagetian theory, in particular regarding the way in which the child deals with new and interesting events moved from the need to face and produce "spectacles interessantes" by means of experiencing the violation of canonicity. We will also briefly consider some results of neurosciences studies pointing out that the constancy-variability issue is at the base of human development. Secondly, we will show the convergence between Piagetian theory and Brunerian theory of narration, producing some examples of how violation of canonicity can occur in children and adults.
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Kokonyei G, Galambos A, Edes AE, Kocsel N, Szabo E, Pap D, Kozak LR, Bagdy G, Juhasz G. Anticipation and violated expectation of pain are influenced by trait rumination: An fMRI study. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2019; 19:56-72. [PMID: 30251186 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rumination – as a stable tendency to focus repetitively on feelings related to distress – represents a transdiagnostic risk factor. Theories suggest altered emotional information processing as the key mechanism of rumination. However, studies on the anticipation processes in relation to rumination are scarce, even though expectation in this process is demonstrated to influence the processing of emotional stimuli. In addition, no published study has investigated violated expectation in relation to rumination yet. In the present study we examined the neural correlates of pain anticipation and perception using a fear conditioning paradigm with pain as the unconditioned stimulus in healthy subjects (N = 30). Rumination was assessed with the 10-item Ruminative Response Scale (RRS). Widespread brain activation – extending to temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes along with activation in the cingulate cortex, insula, and putamen – showed a positive correlation with rumination, supporting our hypothesis that trait rumination influences anticipatory processes. Interestingly, with violated expectation (when an unexpected, non-painful stimulus follows a pain cue compared to when an expected, painful stimulus follows the same pain cue) a negative association between rumination and activation was found in the posterior cingulate cortex, which is responsible for change detection in the environment and subsequent behavioral modification. Our results suggest that rumination is associated with increased neural response to pain perception and pain anticipation, and may deteriorate the identification of an unexpected omission of aversive stimuli. Therefore, targeting rumination in cognitive behavioral therapy of chronic pain could have a beneficial effect.
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Hadji Hosseinlou M, Mahdavi A, Jabbari Nooghabi M. Validation of the influencing factors associated with traffic violations and crashes on freeways of developing countries: A case study of Iran. Accid Anal Prev 2018; 121:358-366. [PMID: 30100049 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the rural roads, freeways have the maximum allowable speed limit. This subject increases the tendency of drivers to use these kinds of roads, and despite its positive effects, it has caused numerous problems. One of them is the increase in the rate of traffic violations and crashes. The amount of crashes per kilometer in Iran's freeways is almost twice the other rural roads. Hence, finding a solution to this problem is of particular importance. This research intends to validate some of the influencing factors which cause traffic violations and crashes in freeways and determine their amount of influence through statistical models. For this purpose, the authors considered violations and crashes for 36 road segments as dependent variables and other factors as independent ones. Since dependent variables were count, discrete, and non-zero, the proposed models were Poisson and Zero-truncated Poisson. The processing of the models indicated that the amounts of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) indices for the Zero-truncated Poisson model are less than those of the Poisson model and the result of the Pseudo-R2 test for this model is within the acceptable range. Moreover, the result of Chi-square test which shows the proximity of expected and observed amounts was better for Zero-truncated Poisson model. Thus, this model has a considerable advantage against Poisson model. Final models indicated that the average speed has a positive correlation with the number of violations and crashes and as it increases, they increase too. Besides, peripheral landscapes, number of interchanges, number of passing lanes, and exemption from paying toll have an opposite relationship with violations and crashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Hadji Hosseinlou
- Department of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Post Address: 470 Mirdamad Ave. West, 1969764499 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Mahdavi
- Department of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Post Address: 470 Mirdamad Ave. West, 1969764499 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Jabbari Nooghabi
- Department of Statistics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Post Address: Azadi Square, 9177948974 Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran.
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Shin DS, Byun JH, Jeong BY. Crashes and Traffic Signal Violations Caused by Commercial Motorcycle Couriers. Saf Health Work 2018; 10:213-218. [PMID: 31297284 PMCID: PMC6598799 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Motorcycles are one of the important members of commercial transportation because of the convenient use during congested traffic conditions and the ease of parking in narrow streets. This study investigates the characteristics of crashes and traffic signal violations caused by motorcycle couriers. Methods From the national compensation data, this study analyzed the traffic crashes caused by 671 motorcycle couriers. Results Among 671 injured couriers, 50.6% were aged less than 40 years, 49.2% run in a small business of <5 employees, and 47.2% had work experience of <6 months. Motorcycle crashes occurred mainly due to "rider overturned alone" (67.5%), in the daytime (73.5%), or on cloudy or clear days (77.2%). However, the violation rate caused by motorcycle couriers was high in couriers in a small business of <5 employees (13.9%), with work experience of <6 months (13.9%), on cloudy or clear days (12.4%), on an intersection (29.8%), in the type of "crash with a vehicle" (31.2%), or in a death accident (35.7%). Conclusion The findings of this study can be used as a baseline in devising policies for preventing crashes of motorcycle couriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Seok Shin
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Hansung University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Han Byun
- OSH Training Institute, KOSHA, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Yong Jeong
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Hansung University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
How do we navigate a deeply structured world? Why are you reading this sentence first - and did you actually look at the fifth word? This review offers some answers by appealing to active inference based on deep temporal models. It builds on previous formulations of active inference to simulate behavioural and electrophysiological responses under hierarchical generative models of state transitions. Inverting these models corresponds to sequential inference, such that the state at any hierarchical level entails a sequence of transitions in the level below. The deep temporal aspect of these models means that evidence is accumulated over nested time scales, enabling inferences about narratives (i.e., temporal scenes). We illustrate this behaviour with Bayesian belief updating - and neuronal process theories - to simulate the epistemic foraging seen in reading. These simulations reproduce perisaccadic delay period activity and local field potentials seen empirically. Finally, we exploit the deep structure of these models to simulate responses to local (e.g., font type) and global (e.g., semantic) violations; reproducing mismatch negativity and P300 responses respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
| | - Richard Rosch
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
| | - Thomas Parr
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
| | - Cathy Price
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
| | - Howard Bowman
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems and the School of Computing, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NF, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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13
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Abstract
How do we navigate a deeply structured world? Why are you reading this sentence first - and did you actually look at the fifth word? This review offers some answers by appealing to active inference based on deep temporal models. It builds on previous formulations of active inference to simulate behavioural and electrophysiological responses under hierarchical generative models of state transitions. Inverting these models corresponds to sequential inference, such that the state at any hierarchical level entails a sequence of transitions in the level below. The deep temporal aspect of these models means that evidence is accumulated over nested time scales, enabling inferences about narratives (i.e., temporal scenes). We illustrate this behaviour with Bayesian belief updating - and neuronal process theories - to simulate the epistemic foraging seen in reading. These simulations reproduce perisaccadic delay period activity and local field potentials seen empirically. Finally, we exploit the deep structure of these models to simulate responses to local (e.g., font type) and global (e.g., semantic) violations; reproducing mismatch negativity and P300 responses respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Richard Rosch
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Thomas Parr
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Cathy Price
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Howard Bowman
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems and the School of Computing, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NF, UK; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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14
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Penmetsa P, Pulugurtha SS. Methods to rank traffic rule violations resulting in crashes for allocation of funds. Accid Anal Prev 2017; 99:192-201. [PMID: 27918937 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Education, enforcement and engineering countermeasures are implemented to make road users comply with the traffic rules. Not all the traffic rule violations can be addressed nor countermeasures be implemented at all unsafe locations, at once, due to limited funds. Therefore, this study aims at ranking the traffic rule violations resulting in crashes based on individual ranks, such as 1) frequency (expressed as a function of the number of drivers violating a traffic rule and involved in crashes), 2) crash severity, 3) total crash cost, and, 4) cost severity index, to assist transportation system managers in prioritizing the allocation of funds and improving safety on roads. Crash data gathered for the state of North Carolina was processed and used in this study. Variations in the ranks of traffic rule violations were observed when individual ranking methods are used. As an example, exceeding authorized speed limit and driving under the influence of alcohol are ranked 1st and 2nd based on crash severity while failure to reduce speed and failure to yield the right-of-way are ranked 1st and 2nd based on frequency. To minimize the variations and capture the merits of individual ranking methods, four different composite ranks were computed by combining selected individual ranks. The computed averages and standard deviations of absolute rank differences between composite ranks is lower than those obtained from individual ranks. The weights to combine the selected individual ranks have a marginal effect on the computed averages and standard deviations of absolute rank differences. Combining frequency and crash severity or cost severity index, using equal weights, is recommended for prioritization and allocation of funds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveena Penmetsa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States.
| | - Srinivas S Pulugurtha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States.
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15
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Dommes A, Granié MA, Cloutier MS, Coquelet C, Huguenin-Richard F. Red light violations by adult pedestrians and other safety-related behaviors at signalized crosswalks. Accid Anal Prev 2015; 80:67-75. [PMID: 25884542 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To study human factors linked to red light violations, and more generally to safety-related behaviors at signalized crosswalks, the present study combines the collection of observational data with questionnaires answered by 422 French adult pedestrians. Thirteen behavioral indicators were extracted (12 before and while crossing, and red light violation), and the roles of several demographical, contextual and mobility-associated variables were examined. The results of the stepwise logistic regression analyses carried out on each of the 12 behavioral indicators observed before and while crossing revealed that gender had no major impact, but age did, with more cautious behaviors as pedestrians were older. The three contextual variables (group size, parked vehicles, and traffic density), as four mobility-associated variables (driving and walking experiences, self-reported crossing difficulties and falls in the street) were also found to be important factors in safety-related crossing behaviors. A wider logistic regression analysis, made specifically on red light violations with all behavioral indicators observed before and while crossings and the several demographical, contextual and mobility-associated variables put together, showed that red light violations were mostly affected by current situational factors (group size, parked vehicles) and particularly associated with some behavioral patterns (looking toward the traffic, the ground, the light, running and crossing diagonally). The overall results encourage the development of safer pedestrian infrastructures and engineering countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dommes
- IFSTTAR-COSYS-LEPSIS, 25 Allée des Marronniers, F-78008 Versailles, France.
| | - M-A Granié
- IFSTTAR-TS2-LMA, 304 Chemin de la Croix Blanche, F-13300 Salon de Provence, France
| | - M-S Cloutier
- INRS, Centre Urbanisation Culture Société, Laboratoire d'Analyse Spatiale et d'Économie Régionale, 385, rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal H2X 1E3, Canada
| | - C Coquelet
- IFSTTAR-TS2-LMA, 304 Chemin de la Croix Blanche, F-13300 Salon de Provence, France
| | - F Huguenin-Richard
- ENEC UMR 8185 CNRS - Université Paris Sorbonne, 191 rue Saint-Jacques, F-75005 Paris, France
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16
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Abstract
A survey of over 1600 drivers is reported, the results of which are consistent with those reported in an earlier study (Reason et al. 1990), which identified a three-fold typology of aberrant driving behaviours. The first type, lapses, are absent-minded behaviours with consequences mainly for the perpetrator, posing no threat to other road users. The second type, errors, are typically misjudgements and failures of observation that may be hazardous to others. The third type, violations, involve deliberate contraventions of safe driving practice. In the present study the survey instrument used, the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire, was also shown to be reliable over time. Each type of behaviour was found to have different demographic correlates. Most importantly, accident liability was predicted by self-reported tendency to commit violations, but not by tendency to make errors or to have lapses. The implications for road safety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Parker
- a Department of Psychology , Driver Behaviour Research Unit University of Manchester , UK
| | - James T Reason
- a Department of Psychology , Driver Behaviour Research Unit University of Manchester , UK
| | - Antony S R Manstead
- a Department of Psychology , Driver Behaviour Research Unit University of Manchester , UK
| | - Stephen G Stradling
- a Department of Psychology , Driver Behaviour Research Unit University of Manchester , UK
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