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Powell G, Derry-Sumner H, Shelton K, Rushton S, Hedge C, Rajenderkumar D, Sumner P. Visually-induced dizziness is associated with sensitivity and avoidance across all senses. J Neurol 2020; 267:2260-2271. [PMID: 32306170 PMCID: PMC7359147 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a common chronic condition presenting in neurology and neuro-otology clinics. Symptoms lie on a spectrum in the general population. The cause is unknown and thought to involve interactions between visual and vestibular systems, but symptoms also correlate with anxiety and migraine. OBJECTIVE To test whether PDDD symptoms are associated with reported differences in other senses (touch, hearing, smell and taste); to investigate possible mediation via anxiety or migraine; to discover the proportion of variance accountable to these non-vestibular factors. METHODS We measured self-report multisensory sensitivity, anxiety, visual difficulties, visual discomfort and migraine in patients with PPPD (N = 29) and a large general population cohort (N > 1100). We used structural equation modelling to examine relationships between the factors using a step-wise approach. RESULTS We found increased self-reported over-sensitivity in sensory domains beyond vision and balance in both patients with PPPD and non-clinical participants with more PPPD symptoms. SEM analysis revealed that anxiety partly, but not wholly, mediated this relationship. Adding visual difficulties and visual discomfort to the model allowed it to explain 50% of PPPD symptom variance. Most of the path coefficients and mediation effects in our model were unchanged between participants with and without migraine. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the idea that PPPD is a complex neurological condition that includes broad perceptual factors, and may suggest that some brains are predisposed to generalised cross-modal sensory-overload. This may give rise to vulnerability to severe PPPD should a vestibular insult occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Powell
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower building, Park Place, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Hannah Derry-Sumner
- Department of Audiovestibular Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Katherine Shelton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower building, Park Place, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon Rushton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower building, Park Place, Cardiff, UK
| | - Craig Hedge
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower building, Park Place, Cardiff, UK
| | - Deepak Rajenderkumar
- Department of Audiovestibular Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Petroc Sumner
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower building, Park Place, Cardiff, UK
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Yoo PY, Scott K, Myszak F, Mamann S, Labelle A, Holmes M, Guindon A, Bussieres AE. Interventions Addressing Vision, Visual-perceptual Impairments Following Acquired Brain Injury: A Cross-sectional Survey. Can J Occup Ther 2020; 87:117-126. [PMID: 31896281 DOI: 10.1177/0008417419892393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. The existing literature on the effectiveness of interventions targeting vision, visual-perceptual impairments following acquired brain injury (ABI) is scarce and unlinked to occupational performance. PURPOSE. To explore current occupational therapy practice in vision-rehabilitation among adults with ABI in Canada, and to determine the evidence-practice gaps. METHODS. An online survey was made available through the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (CAOT) website, and disseminated to seven public healthcare institutions in Quebec. The survey collected respondent demographic information, and the types and frequency of treatments delivered. Descriptive statistics were conducted to determine interventions' frequency. Participant comments were collected and grouped into recurring themes. FINDINGS. Over half (55%) of respondents regularly use evidence-based interventions when addressing visual acuity (VA) and visual field (VF) deficits, but only very few (3%) use it when dealing with oculomotor function and visual stress impairments. IMPLICATIONS. Results gave a glimpse of interventions used and suggested the need for further research in vision rehabilitation.
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Veszeli J, Shepherd AJ. A comparison of the effects of the colour and size of coloured overlays on young children's reading. Vision Res 2019; 156:73-83. [PMID: 30664883 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of the colour and size of overlays on reading time, reading errors and on the clarity of text with young primary school children. The sample comprised a non-clinical, typical, sample from an East London primary school. One hundred and six children aged between four and seven years were asked to read 11 short passages of text (60 words) either with full page overlays or smaller reading rulers (53 in each group). This sample included younger children than has often been tested before. The 11 short passages allowed an assessment of baseline reading performance (no reading aid) and performance while reading with each of a set of ten coloured reading aids. Two different, yet beneficial, colours were determined: the most effective and the clearest/most comfortable. Both of these measures are not usually recorded. All but four children had reduced reading times with one of the reading aids and all but one reported their aid improved the perceived visual clarity of the text: the size of the reading aid did not affect reading time or visual clarity significantly. The numbers of skipped words and errors/mis-read words also decreased when reading with the most effective and most comfortable reading aid. Near visual acuity was assessed with and without each child's most effective coloured aid. The most effective aid improved acuity in over a third of the children. Acuity has not been assessed in previous studies. As reported previously, different colours helped different children. In conclusion, coloured reading overlays reduced reading times on the reading test employed here and the size of the reading aid was not crucial to facilitate performance. The largest reductions occurred for the youngest readers, suggesting these aids may be particularly effective for early readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Veszeli
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Alex J Shepherd
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK.
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Garcia ACO, Momensohn-Santos TM, Vilhena DDA. Effects of Spectral Overlays on Reading Performance of Brazilian Elementary School Children. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2018; 69:219-225. [PMID: 29558741 DOI: 10.1159/000484139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of spectral overlays on reading performance of Brazilian elementary school children. METHODS Sixty-eight children (aged 9-12 years) enrolled in the 5th and 6th grade were included in the study. The Rate of Reading Test (RRT - Brazilian Portuguese version) was used to evaluate reading speed and the Irlen Reading Perceptual Scale was used to allocate the sample according to reading difficulty/discomfort symptoms and to define the optimal spectral overlays. RESULTS A total of 13% of the children presented an improvement of at least 15% in reading speed with the use of spectral overlays. Pupils with severe reading difficulties tended to have more improvement in RRT with spectral overlays. Children with severe reading discomfort obtained the highest gains in RRT, with an average of 9.6% improvement with intervention, compared to a decrease of -8.2% in the control group. Participants with severe discomfort had an odds ratio of 3.36 to improve reading speed with intervention compared to the control group. CONCLUSION The use of spectral overlays can improve reading performance, particularly in those children with severe visual discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carla Oliveira Garcia
- Graduate Program on Speech Language Pathology Studies, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Teresa Maria Momensohn-Santos
- Graduate Program on Speech Language Pathology Studies, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas de Araújo Vilhena
- Graduate Program on Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Evans BJW, Allen PM, Wilkins AJ. A Delphi study to develop practical diagnostic guidelines for visual stress (pattern-related visual stress). J Optom 2017; 10:161-168. [PMID: 27890547 PMCID: PMC5484780 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Visual stress (VS) is characterised by symptoms of visual perceptual distortions and eyestrain when viewing text, symptoms that are alleviated by individually prescribed coloured filters. A recent review supports the existence of VS and its treatment, but noted that controversy remains, in part due to inconsistencies in the diagnosis of the condition. The present paper reviews the diagnostic criteria for VS in the literature and reports a Delphi analysis of the criteria currently used in clinical practice. METHODS Twenty-six eyecare practitioners were invited to participate in a Delphi study. They were selected because they were frequent prescribers of precision tinted lenses. In the first round they were sent a list of the indicators for which there is literature to suggest a relevance in the diagnosis of VS. The practitioners were invited to rank the indicators and add any additional criteria they use in diagnosis. In the second round a revised list was circulated, including items added from the responses in the first round. RESULTS The respondents included optometrists, orthoptists and opticians. In the first round the response rate was 85%. Ninety-one percent of those who participated in the first round also responded in the second round. Strong indicators in the second round included the symptom of words moving when reading, voluntary use of an overlay for a prolonged period, improved performance of ≥15% with an overlay on the Wilkins Rate of Reading test, and an abnormally high score on the Pattern Glare Test. CONCLUSIONS The strongest diagnostic criteria are combined in a diagnostic tool. This is proposed as a guide for clinical practice and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J W Evans
- Institute of Optometry, London, UK; Division of Optometry & Visual Science, City, University London, UK.
| | - Peter M Allen
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences and Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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Evans BJW, Allen PM. A systematic review of controlled trials on visual stress using Intuitive Overlays or the Intuitive Colorimeter. J Optom 2016; 9:205-18. [PMID: 27425262 PMCID: PMC5030324 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Claims that coloured filters aid reading date back 200 years and remain controversial. Some claims, for example, that more than 10% of the general population and 50% of people with dyslexia would benefit from coloured filters lack sound evidence and face validity. Publications with such claims typically cite research using methods that have not been described in the scientific literature and lack a sound aetiological framework. Notwithstanding these criticisms, some researchers have used more rigorous selection criteria and methods of prescribing coloured filters that were developed at a UK Medical Research Council unit and which have been fully described in the scientific literature. We review this research and disconfirm many of the more extreme claims surrounding this topic. This literature indicates that a minority subset of dyslexics (circa 20%) may have a condition described as visual stress which most likely results from a hyperexcitability of the visual cortex. Visual stress is characterised by symptoms of visual perceptual distortions, headaches, and eyestrain when viewing repetitive patterns, including lines of text. This review indicates that visual stress is distinct from, although sometimes co-occurs with, dyslexia. Individually prescribed coloured filters have been shown to improve reading performance in people with visual stress, but are unlikely to influence the phonological and memory deficits associated with dyslexia and therefore are not a treatment for dyslexia. This review concludes that larger and rigorous randomised controlled trials of interventions for visual stress are required. Improvements in the diagnosis of the condition are also a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter M Allen
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences and Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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Ludlow AK, Wilkins AJ. Atypical Sensory behaviours in children with Tourette's Syndrome and in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Res Dev Disabil 2016; 56:108-116. [PMID: 27286465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain visual disturbances make it difficult to read text and have been attributed to visual stress, also called "pattern-related visual stress". 12 Children with ASD, 12 children with Tourette's syndrome and without ASD and 12 controls, all matched on age and non verbal ability, participated in an experiment exploring sensory behaviours and visual stress. Reading rate and accuracy were assessed with the Wilkins Rate of Reading test with and without the Intuitive Overlays. Both the children with Tourette's and the children with ASD showed a higher prevalence of atypical sensory behaviours and symptoms of visual stress than the typically developing control children. Six out of twelve children with Tourette's syndrome (50%) read more accurately and over 15% more quickly with a coloured overlay. Four of the 12 children with ASD and none of the control children read over 15% more quickly with an overlay. The findings are discussed in relation to problems in sensory modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Ludlow
- University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, United Kingdom; University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Arnold J Wilkins
- University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
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Monger L, Wilkins A, Allen P. Identifying visual stress during a routine eye examination. J Optom 2015; 8:140-145. [PMID: 25455572 PMCID: PMC4401822 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether the clinical tests used in routine eye examinations can identify adults whose reading rate increases with their preferred coloured overlay(s). METHODS Routine optometric tests were used to measure 73 undergraduate students' refractive error, visual acuity, stereo-acuity, amplitude of accommodation, near point of convergence, associated heterophoria at near, colour vision and ocular motility. Participants chose an overlay or combination of overlays with colour optimal for clarity, and completed the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test with and without an overlay(s) of this colour. RESULTS Overall, there was a significant increase in reading speed with overlay (t(72)=-5.26, p<0.0005). Twenty-six participants (36%) increased their reading rate by >5% with their chosen coloured overlay(s). Ten participants (14%) had a reading speed increase of >10%. The increase in reading speed was not significantly associated with any clinical finding. CONCLUSION Tests which are completed in routine eye examinations did not identify those participants who benefitted from coloured overlays in terms of reading speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Monger
- Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Allen
- Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
We developed and validated a symptom scale that can be used to identify "trypophobia", in which individuals experience aversion induced by images of clusters of circular objects. The trypophobia questionnaire (TQ) was based on reports of various symptom types, but it nevertheless demonstrated a single construct, with high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The TQ scores predicted discomfort from trypophobic images, but not neutral or unpleasant images, and did not correlate with anxiety. Using image filtering, we also reduced the excess energy at midrange spatial frequencies associated with both trypophobic and uncomfortable images. Relative to unfiltered trypophobic images, the discomfort from filtered images experienced by observers with high TQ scores was less than that experienced with control images and by observers with low TQ scores. Furthermore, we found that clusters of concave objects (holes) did not induce significantly more discomfort than clusters of convex objects (bumps), suggesting that trypophobia involves images with particular spectral profile rather than clusters of holes per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- An T D Le
- a Department of Psychology , University of Essex , Colchester , UK
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Abd Manan F, Jenkins TC, Collinge AJ. The Effect of Clinical Visual Stress on Stereoacuity Measured with the TNO Test. Malays J Med Sci 2001; 8:25-31. [PMID: 22893757 PMCID: PMC3413646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2001] [Revised: 06/18/2001] [Accepted: 07/15/2001] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We measured stereoacuity using TNO test on 25 patients without fixation disparity (FD) and compared the result with other 25 patients exhibited FD related to visual stress. All patients were presbyopes of ages ranging from 40 to 80 years, with visual acuity 6/6 or better in each eye, free from ocular diseases and generally healthy. The results showed statistically significant difference in the stereoacuities measured between the groups (Mann-Whitney U = 181.0, p < 0.01), suggesting that FD significantly reduced stereoacuity. Although the correlation between the magnitudes of FD and stereothreshold is statistically not significant (Spearman's r(s) = 0.33, p>0.01), elimination of FD using prisms correction statistically improved stereoacuity (Wilcoxon's Z = 2.43, p<0.01). The findings conclude that visual stress manifested as FD causes deficit in stereoperformance measurable with the TNO test and can be improved by prism correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Abd Manan
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abd Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur
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