1
|
Ma YF, Zhao YQ, Zhou YY, Feng HY, Gong LL, Zhang MQ, Hull JJ, Dewer Y, Roy A, Smagghe G, He M, He P. Nanoparticle-delivered RNAi-based pesticide target screening for the rice pest white-backed planthopper and risk assessment for a natural predator. Sci Total Environ 2024; 926:171286. [PMID: 38428617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Vacuolar-type (H+)-ATPase (vATPase) is a conserved multi-subunit eukaryotic enzyme composed of 14 subunits that form a functional complex consisting of an ATP-hydrolytic domain (V1) and a proton-translocation domain (V0). ATP hydrolysis and subsequent H+ translocation rely heavily on a fully assembled V1/V0 complex. Since vATPase is crucial for insect survival, it is a viable molecular target for pest control. However, detailed functional analyses of the 14 subunits and their suitability for pest control have not been fully explored in a single insect species. In this study, we identified 22 vATPase subunit transcripts that correspond to 13 subunits (A1, A2, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, a1, a2, c and d) in the white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera, a major hemipteran pest of rice. RNAi screens using microinjection and spray-based methods revealed that the SfVHA-F, SfVHA-a2 and SfVHA-c2 subunits are critical. Furthermore, star polymer (SPc) nanoparticles were utilized to conduct spray-induced and nanoparticle-delivered gene silencing (SI-NDGS) to evaluate the pest control efficacy of RNAi targeting the SfVHA-F, SfVHA-a2 and SfVHA-c2 transcripts. Target mRNA levels and vATPase enzymatic activity were both reduced. Honeydew excreta was likewise reduced in WBPH treated with dsRNAs targeting SfVHA-F, SfVHA-a2 and SfVHA-c2. To assess the environmental safety of the nanoparticle-wrapped dsRNAs, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter, a major natural enemy of planthoppers, was also sprayed with dsRNAs targeting SfVHA-F, SfVHA-a2 and SfVHA-c2. Post-spray effects of dsSfVHA-a2 and dsSfVHA-c2 on C. lividipennis were innocuous. This study identifies SfVHA-a2 and SfVHA-c2 as promising targets for biorational control of WBPH and lays the foundation for developing environment-friendly RNAi biopesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Ya-Qin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Yang-Yuntao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Lang-Lang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Meng-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - J Joe Hull
- Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA
| | - Youssef Dewer
- Phytotoxicity Research Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, 7 Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Amit Roy
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Institute Entomology, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ming He
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
| | - Peng He
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tyagi S, Srinivasa N, Singh RN, Vinay N. Species-specific markers for Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:269. [PMID: 37449252 PMCID: PMC10335986 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) are the most destructive sucking insect pests of rice in all rice growing parts of the world. For their accurate identification at early stages, we have developed two species-specific markers (SNL4F and SNL4R for BPH; SNF2F and SNF2R for WBPH) based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) for their easy detection using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The markers were developed based on nucleotide differences in COI gene and were subjected to various tests based on PCR-based gel images. The designed primers were cross-checked with five other species, which confirmed their specificity. The primers were also found to be efficient in identification of their respective species (BPH and WBPH) in all the individuals sampled from different regions of India. The lowest detection sensitivity of both the primers was up to 1 ng/µl DNA after testing them through a series of varied DNA concentrations. The species-specific primers developed in this study will help in easy and rapid identification of BPH and WBPH in all the stages of their development and in turn facilitate their timely management. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03693-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Tyagi
- Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
- Department of Entomology, BRD PG College, Deoria, Uttar Pradesh 274001 India
| | - Narayana Srinivasa
- Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| | - R. N. Singh
- Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| | - N. Vinay
- Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo H, Long GJ, Liu XZ, Ma YF, Zhang MQ, Gong LL, Dewer Y, Hull JJ, Wang MM, Wang Q, He M, He P. Functional characterization of tyrosine melanin genes in the white-backed planthopper and utilization of a spray-based nanoparticle-wrapped dsRNA technique for pest control. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123123. [PMID: 36603718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.123123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As a significant pest of rice the white-backed planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera is a focus of pest management. However, traditional chemical-based control methods risk the development of pesticide resistance as well as severe ecological repercussions. Although nanoparticle-encapsulated dsRNAs provide a promising alternative method for sustainable pest management, gene targets specific to WBPH have yet to be optimized. Genes in the tyrosine-melanin pathway impact epidermal melanization and sclerotization, two processes essential for insect development and metabolism, have been proposed as good candidate targets for pest management. Seven genes (aaNAT, black, DDC, ebony, tan, TH, and yellow-y) in this group were identified from WBPH genome and functionally characterized by using RNAi for their impact on WBPH body color, development, and mortality. Knockdown of SfDDC, Sfblack, SfaaNAT, and Sftan caused cuticles to turn black, whereas Sfyellow-y and Sfebony knockdown resulted in yellow coloration. SfTH knockdown resulted in pale-colored bodies and high mortality. Additionally, an Escherichia coli expression system for large-scale dsRNA production was coupled with star polycation nanoparticles to develop a sprayable RNAi method targeting SfTH that induced high WBPH mortality rates on rice seedlings. These findings lay the groundwork for the development of large-scale dsRNA nanoparticle sprays as a WBPH control method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Gui-Jun Long
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Xuan-Zheng Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Yun-Feng Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Meng-Qi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Lang-Lang Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Youssef Dewer
- Phytotoxicity Research Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, 7 Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - J Joe Hull
- Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Maricopa, AZ, 85138, USA
| | - Mei-Mei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Qin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Ming He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
| | - Peng He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang N, Dong Z, Chen A, Yin Y, Li X, Chu D. Migration of Sogatella furcifera between the Greater Mekong Subregion and northern China revealed by mtDNA and SNP. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:154. [PMID: 33213363 PMCID: PMC7678102 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera, Delphacidae), is a migratory pest of rice in Asia. Shandong Province, in northern China, is located on the migration pathway of WBPH between southern and northeast China. The potential sources of WBPH in northern China are poorly understood. We studied the sources of WBPH in Shandong Province by determining the population genetic structure of WBPH in 18 sites distributed in Shandong and in six regions of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). We used mitochondrial gene and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for analysis. Results All of the WBPH populations studied in the seven regions had low genetic diversity. Pairwise FST values based on mtDNA ranged from − 0.061 to 0.285, while FST based on SNP data ranged from − 0.007 to 0.009. These two molecular markers revealed that 4.40% (mtDNA) and 0.19% (SNP) genetic variation could be explained by the interpopulation variation, while the rest came from intrapopulation variation. The populations in the seven geographic regions comprised four hypothetical genetic clusters (K = 4) not associated with geographic location. Eighty-four of 129 individuals distributed across the given area were designated as recent migrants or of admixed ancestry. Although the substantial migration presented, a weak but significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances was found (r = 0.083, P = 0.004). Conclusion The Greater Mekong Subregion was the main genetic source of WBPH in Shandong, while other source populations may also exist. The genetic structure of WBPH is shaped by both migration and geographic barriers. These results help clarify the migration route and the source of WBPH in northern China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhaoke Dong
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Aidong Chen
- Agriculture Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, China
| | - Yanqiong Yin
- Agriculture Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, China
| | - Xiangyong Li
- Agriculture Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, China
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen GL, Pan YF, Ma YF, Wang J, He M, He P. Binding affinity characterization of an antennae-enriched chemosensory protein from the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), with host plant volatiles. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2018; 152:1-7. [PMID: 30497699 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The white-backed planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera is a notorious rice pest in Asia. Olfaction is crucial for the WBPH to seek and locate rice plants. However, its mechanism is still not fully understood. Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are some of the important olfactory-related proteins. In this study, we first used a bacterial system to successfully express the recombinant, antennae-enriched protein SfurCSP5. Further, competitive fluorescence binding assays with 86 candidate ligands, including some known rice plant volatiles, showed that SfurCSP5 has high affinities for 2-tridecanone, 2-pentadecanone, and β-ionone, which are known to be present in volatile mixtures that can attract rice planthoppers, and produced Ki values of 4.89, 4.09, and 1.39 μmol/L, respectively. Additionally, homology modeling of the protein structure of SfurCSP5 showed that it possesses five α-helixes (α-1, α-2, α-3, α-4, and α-5), which is a non-typical feature of the insect CSPs. Finally, ligand docking results revealed that Leu-44, Ile-64, Phe-90, Trp-98, and Phe-101 are five hydrophobic residues that interact with all of the ligands, indicating their key involvement in the binding of SfurCSP5. Our study lays the foundation for an understanding of the olfaction mechanism of rice planthoppers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Feng Pan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Feng Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Horgan FG, Srinivasan TS, Naik BS, Ramal AF, Bernal CC, Almazan MLP. Effects of nitrogen on egg-laying inhibition and ovicidal response in planthopper-resistant rice varieties. Crop Prot 2016; 89:223-230. [PMID: 27812236 PMCID: PMC5026402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of experiments was set up to examine the effects of nitrogen on rice (Oryza sativa L.) resistance against Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and Sogatella furcifera (Horváth). Egg laying by N. lugens was reduced on the indica variety IR60. Nymph biomass (N. lugens and S. furcifera) was also lower on IR60: this was associated with low honeydew production and a high proportion of xylem-derived honeydew in N. lugens but not in S. furcifera. Nitrogen increased egg-laying by S. furcifera and increased N. lugens nymph biomass on all varieties tested. Oviposition and egg mortality in both planthopper species were examined on plants at 15, 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS). Sogatella furcifera laid more eggs on plants at 15 DAS, but laid few eggs during darkness; N. lugens continued to lay eggs on older rice plants (30 DAS) and during darkness. Egg mortality was high on cv. Asiminori, highest at 45 DAS, and higher for S. furcifera than for N. lugens. Mortality of S. furcifera eggs was associated with lesions around the egg clusters. These were more common around clusters laid during the day and suggested induction by Asiminori of an ovicidal response. Egg mortality declined under higher soil nitrogen levels. Results are discussed in the light of improving rice resistance against planthoppers and reducing rates of planthopper adaptation to resistance genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finbarr G. Horgan
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Corresponding author. Centre for Compassionate Conservation, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.Centre for Compassionate ConservationUniversity of Technology Sydney15 BroadwayUltimoSydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Thanga Suja Srinivasan
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bhaskar S. Naik
- Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Angelee Fame Ramal
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
He X, Yu Z, Jiang S, Zhang P, Shang Z, Lou Y, Wu J. Finding new elicitors that induce resistance in rice to the white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5601-3. [PMID: 26508551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a new way to identify chemical elicitors that induce resistance in rice to herbivores. Using this method, by quantifying the induction of chemicals for GUS activity in a specific screening system that we established previously, 5 candidate elicitors were selected from the 29 designed and synthesized phenoxyalkanoic acid derivatives. Bioassays confirmed that these candidate elicitors could induce plant defense and then repel feeding of white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingrui He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhaonan Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Peizhi Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Zhicai Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yonggen Lou
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| |
Collapse
|