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Kozlov MV. Blind measurements did not confirm effects of forest fragmentation on fluctuating asymmetry of a tropical butterfly Morpho helenor. Naturwissenschaften 2024; 111:27. [PMID: 38652309 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-024-01913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Re-evaluation of photographs of the tropical butterfly Morpho helenor from a previous study (Pignataro et al. 2023) revealed that its conclusion regarding increased wing fluctuating asymmetry in forest edge habitats compared to forest interior habitats could not be replicated. This discrepancy likely arises from (i) original measurements not being conducted blindly, (ii) insufficient photograph quality hindering accurate landmark selection, and (iii) a lack of detailed description of the measurement protocol. The likelihood of false positive discoveries within the published data concerning the impacts of environmental stress on the fluctuating asymmetry of plants and animals is probably higher than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Kozlov
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland.
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Rodrigues-Filho SJM, Prado E Castro C, Lopes LF, da Fonseca IP, Rebelo MT. Size does matter: intraspecific geometric morphometric analysis of wings of the blowfly Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Acta Trop 2022; 235:106662. [PMID: 35998679 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blowflies have forensic, sanitary and veterinary importance, as well as being pollinators, parasitoids and ecological bioindicators. There is still little work with real data and from experiments assessing the relationship between blowflies' morphologic features and environmental and demographic factors. The present work tests whether the variation, in the shape and size, of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) wings is influenced by the following factors: 1) time; 2) temperature; 3) sex and; 4) different types of carcasses (pig, dog/cat and whale). Male and female wings from four different sites collected in six different years were used to obtain wing size and shape of C. albiceps. Analyses between wing shape and the variables tested had low explanatory power, even though they had statistical support. However, it was possible to identify differences in wing shape between males and females, with good returns in sex identification. The comparison between wing size and the variables tested showed that wing size has a negative relationship with temperature, significant differences between sexes, slight variation over time and no influence by carcass types. Furthermore, wing size influenced wing shape. Understanding population-specific characteristics of C. albiceps provide important insights about how the species reacts under specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio J M Rodrigues-Filho
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar/Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Universidade do Estado do Amapá, Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Avenida Presidente Vargas, 650 - Central, Macapá AP, 68900-070, Brasil.
| | - Catarina Prado E Castro
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís Filipe Lopes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS)
| | - Maria Teresa Rebelo
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar/Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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Nattero J, Mougabure-Cueto G, Debat V, Gürtler RE. Phenotypic plasticity, canalisation and developmental stability of Triatoma infestans wings: effects of a sublethal application of a pyrethroid insecticide. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:355. [PMID: 34229739 PMCID: PMC8259426 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatomine control campaigns have traditionally consisted of spraying the inside of houses with pyrethroid insecticides. However, exposure to sublethal insecticide doses after the initial application is a common occurrence and may have phenotypic consequences for survivors. Here, using Triatoma infestans (the main vector of Chagas disease in the Southern Cone of South America) as a model species, we quantified the effects of exposure to a sublethal dose of pyrethroid insecticide on wing morphology. We tested if the treatment (i) induced a plastic effect (change in the character mean); (ii) altered environmental canalisation (higher individual variation within genotypes); (iii) altered genetic canalisation (higher variation among genotypes); and (iv) altered developmental stability (higher fluctuating asymmetry [FA]). METHODS Each of 25 full-sib families known to be susceptible to pyrethroid insecticides were split in two groups: one to be treated with a sublethal dose of deltamethrin (insecticide-treated group) and the other to be treated with pure acetone (control group). Wings of the emerging adults were used in a landmark-based geometric morphometry analysis to extract size and shape measurements. Average differences among treatments were measured. Levels of variation among families, among individuals within families and among sides within individuals were computed and compared among treatments. RESULTS Wing size and shape were affected by a sublethal dose of deltamethrin. The treated insects had larger wings and a more variable wing size and shape than control insects. For both wing size and shape, genetic variation was higher in treated individuals. Individual variations and variations in FA were also greater in deltamethrin-treated insects than in control ones for all full-sib families; however, the patterns of shape variation associated with genetic variation, individual variation and FA were different. CONCLUSIONS Insects exposed to a sublethal dose of deltamethrin presented larger, less symmetrical and less canalised wings. The insecticide treatment jointly impaired developmental stability and genetic and environmental canalisation. The divergent patterns of shape variation suggest that the related developmental buffering processes differed at least partially. The morphological modifications induced by a single sublethal exposure to pyrethroids early in life may impinge on subsequent flight performance and consequently affect the dynamics of house invasion and reinfestation, and the effectiveness of triatomine control operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Nattero
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución/Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (CONICET-IEGEBA), CONICET–Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gastón Mougabure-Cueto
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Triatominos (LIT), Centro de Referencia de Vectores (CeReVe), Ministerio de Salud de La Nación, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) (UMR7205), CNMuséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE) and Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Ricardo E. Gürtler
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución/Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (CONICET-IEGEBA), CONICET–Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Masó A, Romero J, Baixeras J. How many scales on the wings? A case study based on Colias crocea (Geoffroy, 1785) (Hexapoda: Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Arthropod Struct Dev 2020; 57:100947. [PMID: 32505064 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The covering by scales of the wings of Lepidoptera contributes to multiple functions that are critical for their survival and reproduction. In order to gain a better understanding about their distribution, we have exhaustively studied 4 specimens of Colias crocea (Geoffroy, 1785). We have quantified the sources of variability affecting scale density. The results indicate that the scale covering of butterfly wings may be remarkably heterogeneous, and that the importance of the sources of variability differs between forewings and hindwings. Thus, in forewing the greatest variability occurs between sectors, while in the hindwings it occurs between sides, with a higher density of scales on the underside, considerably higher (almost 19%) than on the upperside. It seems likely that this difference has an adaptive value, as the hindwing underside is more exposed (in resting position) to predators. These results are in contrast with the generally accepted notion that scale covering is uniform and homogeneous. Moreover, the cover scale density is independent of the size of the specimen and therefore an average density of scales can be attributed to this species. According to our measurements C. crocea has 312 scales/mm2 and the total number of scales per individual is about 520,000 on average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Masó
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Javier Romero
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Baixeras
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of València, c/ Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 València, Spain.
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Nattero J, Piccinali RV, Gaspe MS, Gürtler RE. Fluctuating asymmetry and exposure to pyrethroid insecticides in Triatoma infestans populations in northeastern Argentina. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 74:103925. [PMID: 31220610 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a phenotypic marker used as indicator of developmental stress or instability, is sometimes associated with insecticide application and resistance. Here we investigated the occurrence and amount of wing size and wing shape FA in Triatoma infestans females and males collected before and 4 months after a community-wide pyrethroid spraying campaign in a well-defined rural area of Pampa del Indio, Argentina. Moderate levels of pyrethroid resistance were previously confirmed for this area, and postspraying house infestation was mainly attributed to this condition. In the absence of insecticide-based selective pressures over the previous 12 years, we hypothesized that 1- if postspraying triatomines were mostly survivors to insecticide spraying (pyrethroid resistant), they would have higher levels of FA than prespraying triatomines. 2- if postspraying triatomines have a selective advantage, they would have lower FA levels than their prespraying counterparts, whereas if postspraying infestation was positively associated with immigrants not exposed to the insecticide, prespraying and postspraying triatomines would display similar FA levels. For 243 adult T. infestans collected at identified sites before insecticide spraying and 112 collected 4 months postspraying, wing size and wing shape asymmetry was estimated from landmark configurations of left and right sides of each individual. At population level, wing size and shape FA significantly decreased in both females and males after spraying. Males displayed greater wing size and shape FA than females. However, at a single peridomestic site that was persistently infested after spraying, FA declined similarly in females whereas the reverse pattern occurred in males. Our results suggest differential survival of adults with more symmetric wings. This pattern may be related to a selective advantage of survivors to insecticide spraying, which may be mediated or not by their pyrethroid-resistant status or to lower triatomine densities after insecticide spraying and the concomitant increase in feeding success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Nattero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Romina Valeria Piccinali
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Sol Gaspe
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ricardo Esteban Gürtler
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Villegas CM, Žikić V, Stanković SS, Ortiz-Martínez SA, Peñalver-Cruz A, Lavandero B. Morphological variation of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) associated with different aphid hosts. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3559. [PMID: 28713658 PMCID: PMC5508808 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasitoids are frequently used in biological control due to the fact that they are considered host specific and highly efficient at attacking their hosts. As they spend a significant part of their life cycle within their hosts, feeding habits and life history of their host can promote specialization via host-race formation (sequential radiation). The specialized host races from different hosts can vary morphologically, behaviorally and genetically. However, these variations are sometimes inconspicuous and require more powerful tools in order to detect variation such as geometric morphometrics analysis. Methods We examined Aphidius ervi, an important introduced biological control agent in Chile associated with a great number of aphid species, which are exploiting different plant hosts and habitats. Several combinations (biotypes) of parasitoids with various aphid/host plant combinations were analyzed in order to obtain measures of forewing shape and size. To show the differences among defined biotypes, we chose 13 specific landmarks on each individual parasitoid wing. The analysis of allometric variation calculated in wing shape and size over centroid size (CS), revealed the allometric changes among biotypes collected from different hosts. To show all differences in shape of forewings, we made seven biotype pairs using an outline-based geometric morphometrics comparison. Results The biotype A. pis_pea (Acyrthosiphon pisum on pea) was the extreme wing size in this study compared to the other analyzed biotypes. Aphid hosts have a significant influence in the morphological differentiation of the parasitoid forewing, splitting biotypes in two groups. The first group consisted of biotypes connected with Acyrthosiphon pisum on legumes, while the second group is composed of biotypes connected with aphids attacking cereals, with the exception of the R. pad_wheat (Rhopalosiphum padi on wheat) biotype. There was no significant effect of plant species on parasitoid wing size and shape. Discussion Although previous studies have suggested that the genotype of parasitoids is of greater significance for the morphological variations of size and shape of wings, this study indicates that the aphid host on which A. ervi develops is the main factor to alter the structure of parasitoid forewings. Bigger aphid hosts implied longer and broader forewings of A. ervi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthya M Villegas
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Vladimir Žikić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Saša S Stanković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Sebastián A Ortiz-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Ainara Peñalver-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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Strassburger K, Teleman AA. Protocols to Study Growth and Metabolism in Drosophila. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1478:279-90. [PMID: 27730589 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6371-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Signaling pathways such as the insulin/insulin-like growth factor pathway concurrently regulate organismal growth and metabolism. Drosophila has become a popular model system for studying both organismal growth and metabolic regulation. Care must be taken, however, when assessing such phenotypes because they are quantitative in nature, and influenced by environment. This chapter first describes how to control animal age and nutrient availability, since growth and metabolism are sensitive to these parameters. It then provides protocols for measuring tissue growth, cell size, and metabolic parameters such as stored lipids and glycogen, and circulating sugars.
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