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Fang Y, Liu J, Xin L, Jiang H, Wen J, Li X, Wang F, He M, Han Q. Xinfeng capsule inhibits lncRNA NONHSAT227927.1/TRAF2 to alleviate NF-κB-p65-induced immuno-inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 323:117677. [PMID: 38160870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic rheumatic disease known for its insidious and refractory symptoms, primarily associated with immuno-inflammation in its early stages, that affects the self-perception of patients (SPP). The exploration of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in immuno-inflammation of AS has garnered considerable interest. Additionally, the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine Xinfeng Capsule (XFC) in mitigating immuno-inflammation in AS has also been observed. However, the specific mechanisms still need to be characterized. AIM OF THE STUDY This study elucidated the mechanism of the lncRNA NONHSAT227927.1/TRAF2/NF-κB axis in the immuno-inflammation of AS and XFC in AS treatment. METHODS LncRNA NONHSAT227927.1 and mRNA expression were assessed utilizing real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Protein level was determined using Western blot, and cytokine expression was measured using ELISA. Furthermore, mass spectrometry was used to analyze the binding proteins of lncRNA and rescue experiments were conducted to validate the findings. Inconsistencies in clinical baseline data were addressed using propensity score matching. The association between the XFC effect and indicator changes was evaluated using the Apriori algorithm. RESULTS The study revealed a substantial elevation in the expression of lncRNA NONHSAT227927.1 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) in AS-peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Its expression was also notably reduced after XFC treatment. In addition to this, there was a positive correlation between lncRNA NONHSAT227927.1 and TRAF2 with clinical immuno-inflammatory indicators. On the other hand, they showed a negative association with the SPP indicators. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that lncRNA NONHSAT227927.1 activated the nuclear factor (NF)-κB-p65 pathway by promoting TRAF2 expression. This activation resulted in enhanced IL-6 and TNF-α levels and reduced IL-10 and IL-4 levels. Conversely, XFC decreased the expression of lncRNA NONHSAT227927.1 and TRAF2, inhibiting the stimulation of the NF-κB-p65 cascade and restoring balance to the cytokines. The association rule analysis results indicated a strong association between XFC and decreased levels of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and immunoglobulin A. Furthermore, XFC was strongly associated with improved SPP indicators, including general health, vitality, mental health, and role-emotional. CONCLUSIONS LncRNA NONHSAT227927.1 plays a pro-inflammatory role in AS. XFC treatment may reverse lncRNA NONHSAT227927.1 to suppress TRAF2-mediated NF-κB-p65 activation, which in turn suppresses immuno-inflammation and improves SPP, thereby making XFC a promising candidate for therapeutic applications in AS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Application Foundation Research and Development, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Application Foundation Research and Development, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China.
| | - Ling Xin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Application Foundation Research and Development, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China.
| | - Hui Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Application Foundation Research and Development, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China.
| | - Jianting Wen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Application Foundation Research and Development, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China.
| | - Xu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Application Foundation Research and Development, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China.
| | - Fanfan Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Application Foundation Research and Development, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China.
| | - Mingyu He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Application Foundation Research and Development, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China.
| | - Qi Han
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Application Foundation Research and Development, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China.
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Sun Y, Liu J, Xin L, Wen J, Zhou Q, Chen X, Ding X, Zhang X. Xinfeng capsule inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis by up-regulating LINC00638 and activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 301:115839. [PMID: 36272490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xinfeng capsule is a traditional Chinese medicine compound, which has been clinically used for more than 20 years in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis and its extracurricular lesions. However, the molecular role of XFC in the treatment of RA remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the efficacy and potential mechanism of XFC through retrospective data mining analysis, animal experiments and cell experiments. METHODS The effect of XFC on clinical laboratory indexes of RA patients was observed using data mining techniques combined with association rule analysis and a random walk model. Afterwards, a rat model of adjuvant arthritis (AA) was established with Freund's complete adjuvant, followed by the observation of pathological changes in synovial tissues and the ultrastructure of synoviocytes. A RA cell model was constructed by inducing fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) to assess the effects of XFC-containing serum on inflammation and oxidative stress through long non-coding RNA LINC00638. RESULTS In retrospective data mining, XFC effectively reduced immune inflammation and increase the level of antioxidant enzymes in RA patients. Subsequently, animal experiments showed that XFC significantly repressed immune inflammation, oxidative stress, synovial hyperplasia, and cartilage destruction, while improving the ultrastructure of synoviocytes in AA rats. XFC-containing serum diminished the proliferation of TNF-α-induced RA-FLSs, increased LINC00638 expression (P<0.01), decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-17, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) levels (P<0.01), and increased the protein expression of nuclear factor erythrocyte 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) (P<0.01). Furthermore, rescue experiments manifested that XFC-containing serum reversed the effects of silencing LINC00638 on inflammation and oxidative stress in RA-FLSs. CONCLUSION XFC inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress in RA by up-regulating LINC00638 and activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui Province, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui Province, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Ling Xin
- Information Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui Province, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Jianting Wen
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui Province, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui Province, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Xiaolu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui Province, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Xiang Ding
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui Province, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Xianheng Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui Province, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, Anhui Province, China.
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Liu X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Huo X, Liu R. Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis and Experimental Validation to Reveal the Mechanisms of Xinfeng Capsule Against Rheumatoid Arthritis. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2023:CCHTS-EPUB-129133. [PMID: 36705239 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230127151049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xinfeng capsule (XFC) is a well-known drug against rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the combination mechanisms of XFC on RA remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to explore the mechanisms of XFC against RA in terms of compounds, targets, and signaling pathways via network pharmacology. METHODS The bioactive compounds and potential targets of XFC were extracted from TCMSP and BATMAN-TCM database, and the putative RA-related targets were determined from the DisGeNET, PHGKB, PharmGKB, and CTD database. The approach of protein-protein interaction, gene ontology analysis, and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment analysis were constructed, respectively. In animal experiments, we evaluated the expression of core targets. RESULTS We found that XFC handled 30 active compounds and 131 common target genes. Among them, mairin, folic acid, cholesterol, and triptolide in XFC were selected as the central active compounds against RA. The mechanisms of XFC on RA which concerned critical targets were protein kinase B (AKT1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In vivo, we found that the expression levels of AKT1 and TNF in the modeling group were significantly increased but reversed by XFC. CONCLUSION The combination mechanisms of XFC were elucidated in terms of components and targets and signaling pathways, which may be related to inhibiting the proliferation of synovial cells and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, 230601,China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Xingxing Huo
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
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鲍 丙, 刘 健, 万 磊, 张 颖, 龙 琰, 孙 广. [ Xinfeng capsule inhibits immune inflammation in osteoarthritis by inhibiting the miR- 23a-3p/PETN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2021; 41:483-494. [PMID: 33963706 PMCID: PMC8110458 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.04.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the inhibitory effect of Xinfeng capsule (XFC) on immune inflammatory response in the coculture system of chondrocytes and CD4+ T cells from patients with osteoarthritis (OA). OBJECTIVE Thirty OA patients and 30 healthy subjects were examined for the expression of miR-23a-3p/PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR. The changes in the miR-23a-3p/ PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and the clinical indicators of the OA patients after XFC treatment were observed. OA-CD4+ T cells and OA-Chondrocytes cells were cultured in Transwel chambers, and the expressions of miR-23a-3p, PTEN, PI3K, AKT and mTOR mRNA were detected by RT-PCR; the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were detected by ELISA. The protein expressions of PTEN, PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, mTOR and p-mTOR were detected by Western blotting. OBJECTIVE Compared with healthy individuals, OA patients showed significantly increased expressions of miR-23a-3p, PTEN, PI3K, AKT, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and lowered expressions of PTEN and IL-10 (P < 0.01). Positive correlations were found between miR-23a-3p and IL-6 and between PI3K and IL-10; mTOR was positively correlated with IL-6, IL-10, complement C3 and C4 (P < 0.01 or 0.05). Intervention with XFC obviously down-regulated the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and up-regulated the expression of IL-10 (P < 0.01). In the cell co-culture systems, the expressions of miR-23a-3p, PI3K, Akt, mTOR, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were up-regulated while the expressions of PTEN and IL-10 were down-regulated in the model group (P < 0.01). Overexpression of miR-23a-3p significantly up-regulated the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, miR-23a-3p, PI3K, AKT and mTOR and lowered the expressions of PTEN and IL-10 (P < 0.01 or 0.05). The expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, miR-23a-3p, PI3K, AKT and mTOR were down-regulated and the expressions of IL-10 and PTEN were up-regulated in XFC-treated cells (P < 0.01 or 0.05). OBJECTIVE XFC can reduce the inflammatory response in patients with OA by down-regulating the expression of miR-23a-3p, inhibiting the activation of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/ mTOR pathway, and regulating the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- 丙溪 鲍
- />安徽中医药大学第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230031First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - 健 刘
- />安徽中医药大学第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230031First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - 磊 万
- />安徽中医药大学第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230031First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - 颖 张
- />安徽中医药大学第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230031First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - 琰 龙
- />安徽中医药大学第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230031First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - 广瀚 孙
- />安徽中医药大学第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230031First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
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Liu J, Wang Y, Sun Y, Huang C, Chen X, Zhang W, He L, James Cheng-Chung W. "Efficacy and safety of Xinfeng capsule in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial". J TRADIT CHIN MED 2020; 40:284-295. [PMID: 32242394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Xinfeng capsule (XFC) in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS This was a multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Patients with OA were assigned to the XFC group [treated with XFC and a glucosamine (GS) placebo, n = 129] or the GS group (treated with GS and an XFC placebo, n = 126). Both groups were treated for 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was the difference between the two groups in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities OA (WOMAC) index total score at 4th week. The secondary endpoints were the visual analogue scale for pain, Lequesne index, function influence index rating, quality of life as assessed by the Short Form-36, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein concentration at baseline and at second week and 4th week. Bone mineral density were checked by X ray absorptiometry at baseline and 4th week. RESULTS After 4 weeks of treatment, all patients in both groups showed similar significant improvements compared with baseline. There were no significant differences between groups regarding pain relief, bilateral femoral bone mineral density, and laboratory indices such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein concentration. Both groups had a significantly lower function influence index rating score and curative effect for each sign/symptom in week 4 than in week 0, and these changes did not significantly differ between groups. XFC was superior to GS in improving the WOMAC index total score, WOMAC scores for function and stiffness, integrated symptoms, physiological function, energy, emotional function, mental health, and health?changes. Fourteen adverse reactions were reported, and the incidence of adverse reactions did not significantly differ between groups. The most common adverse reactions were hepatic impairment, kidney functional damage, gastrectasia, and facial skin allergy. The types of adverse reactions did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION XFC is effective and safe in the treatment of OA. XFC was superior to GS in improving the WOMAC index total score, WOMAC scores for pain, stiffness, and function, visual analogue scale for pain, Lequesne index, and Short Form-36 quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Rheumatism Immunity, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Rheumatism Immunity, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Rheumatism Immunity, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Chuanbing Huang
- Department of Rheumatism Immunity, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Rheumatism Immunity, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wandong Zhang
- Department of Rheumatism Immunity, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Liyun He
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wei James Cheng-Chung
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan China
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Sun Y, Cao Y. Effects of Xinfeng capsule on the Fas/FasL-mediated apoptotic pathway in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2018; 38:601-609. [PMID: 32186086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of Xinfeng capsule on the apoptosis of peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocytes and changes in the Fas/FasL-mediated apoptotic pathway in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS A total of 28 RA patients were included in the study; they were randomly divided into the Xinfeng capsule (XFC) group (3 capsules, 3 per day) and the leflunomide (LEF) group (1 pellet, once per night). The treatment course in each groups was 12 weeks. The normal control (NC) group consisted of 10 healthy people. The apoptotic rate was examined using flow cytometry. Fas, FasL, caspase 8, caspase 3, bcl-2, and bax mRNA were examined using qRT-PCR. Apoptotic proteins Fas, FasL, caspase 8, and caspase 3 were examined using western blotting. RESULTS After treatment, patients in the two groups all showed some trend of improvement. Disease activity indexes, joint morning stiffness time, joint swelling/tenderness number, health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) score, RA quality of life (RAQOL) questionnaire, and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), as well as all apoptotic related indicators were reduced in both groups after treatment with no significant difference between groups. But the improvement in terms of the self-rating depression scale (SDS) in the XFC group was better than in the LEF group. RA patients showed lower apoptotic rates in CD4+ T cells, lower bax, Fas, caspase 8, and caspase 3 mRNA, and less protein expression of Fas, caspase 8, and caspase 3 than in the NC group. These indicators increased after treatment. However, the level of Bcl-2 mRNA was higher in the XFC group than in the NC group before treatment, and it subsequently decreased. The XFC group expressed lower Bcl-2 mRNA than the LEF group. Negative correlations were found between ESR and the apoptotic rate in CD4+ T cells, Fas, and caspase 3; CRP and Fas; and, swollen joint count and Bax, while positive correlations were found between ESR and Bcl-2. CONCLUSION XFC can regulate the Fas/FasL system and promote CD4+ T cell apoptosis and thus reduce the abnormal immune response, which can improve symptoms in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Department of Rheumatism Immunity, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yonghe Cao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China
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