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Robinson T, Dhamrait G, Murray K, Boruff B, Duncan J, Schipperijn J, Christian H. Association between preschooler outdoor play and home yard vegetation as measured by high resolution imagery: Findings from the PLAYCE study. Health Place 2024; 85:103178. [PMID: 38262260 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Outdoor play in the home yard is an important source of physical activity for many preschoolers. This study investigated if home yard size and vegetation are related to preschooler outdoor play time. High-resolution remotely sensed data were used to distinguish between types of vegetation coverage in the home yard. Shrub and tree cover, and yard size, were positively associated with outdoor play. Following stratification by socio-economic status (SES - parent education), only tree cover was positively associated with preschooler outdoor play in low SES households. All types of vegetation cover were positively associated with preschooler outdoor play in higher SES households. This study highlights the importance of larger yard sizes and higher levels of vegetation for facilitating outdoor play in preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina Robinson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Northern Entrance, Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
| | - Gursimran Dhamrait
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Northern Entrance, Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Clifton St Building, Clifton St, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
| | - Kevin Murray
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Clifton St Building, Clifton St, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
| | - Bryan Boruff
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
| | - John Duncan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
| | - Jasper Schipperijn
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Hayley Christian
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Northern Entrance, Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Clifton St Building, Clifton St, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
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Kang D, Zhao J, Tyler Dick C, Liu X, Bian Z, Kirkpatrick SW, Lin CY. Probabilistic risk analysis of unit trains versus manifest trains for transporting hazardous materials. Accid Anal Prev 2023; 181:106950. [PMID: 36592490 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
When transporting hazardous materials by rail, train types (unit train or manifest train) can influence derailment and release risks in several ways. Unit trains only experience risks on mainlines and when arriving at or departing from terminals, while manifest trains experience additional switching risks in yards. A comprehensive risk assessment methodology is needed to quantitively compare shipments with unit trains and manifest trains, considering both mainline and yard operations. To fulfill this research gap, this paper constructs event chains for line-haul risks, arrival/departure risks, and yard switching risks using various probabilistic models and finally determines expected casualties as the consequences of a potential train derailment and release incident. Five illustrative scenarios are designed to analyze the best and worst cases and compare the transportation risk differences between service options using unit trains and manifest trains. The comparison results indicate that placing all tank cars at the positions with the lowest probability of derailing and switching tank cars alone in classification yards could provide the lowest risk estimate given the same transportation demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jiaxi Zhao
- Rail Transportation and Engineering Center - RailTEC, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - C Tyler Dick
- Rail Transportation and Engineering Center - RailTEC, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Zheyong Bian
- Department of Construction Management, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Chen-Yu Lin
- Rail Transportation and Engineering Center - RailTEC, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Transportation and Logistics Management, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan (current affliation)
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Oakley J, Peters RL, Wake M, Grobler AC, Kerr JA, Lycett K, Cassim R, Russell M, Sun C, Tang MLK, Koplin JJ, Mavoa S. Back yard benefits? A cross-sectional study of yard size and greenness and children's physical activity and outdoor play. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1402. [PMID: 34266397 PMCID: PMC8283889 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The home environment is the most important location in young children's lives, yet few studies have examined the relationship between the outdoor home environment and child physical activity levels, and even fewer have used objectively measured exposures and outcomes. This study examined relationships between objectively assessed home yard size and greenness, and child physical activity and outdoor play. METHODS Data were drawn from the HealthNuts study, a longitudinal study of 5276 children in Melbourne, Australia. We used cross-sectional data from a sample at Wave 3 (2013-2016) when participants were aged 6 years (n = 1648). A sub-sample of 391 children had valid accelerometer data collected from Tri-axial GENEActive accelerometers worn on their non-dominant wrist for 8 consecutive days. Yard area and greenness were calculated using geographic information systems. Objective outcome measures were minutes/day in sedentary, light, and moderate-vigorous physical activity (weekday and weekend separately). Parent-reported outcome measures were minutes/day playing outdoors (weekend and weekday combined). Multi-level regression models (adjusted for child's sex, mother's age at the birth of child, neighbourhood socioeconomic index, maternal education, and maternal ethnicity) estimated effects of yard size and greenness on physical activity. RESULTS Data were available on outdoor play for 1648 children and usable accelerometer data for 391. Associations between yard size/greenness and components of physical activity were minimal. For example, during weekdays, yard size was not associated with daily minutes in sedentary behaviour (β: 2.4, 95% CI: - 6.2, 11.0), light physical activity (β: 1.4, 95% CI: - 5.7, 8.5) or MVPA (β: -2.4, 95% CI: - 6.5, 1.7), with similar patterns at weekends. There was no relationship between median annual yard greenness and physical activity or play. CONCLUSION In our study of young children residing in higher socio-economic areas of Melbourne yard characteristics did not appear to have a major impact on children's physical activity. Larger studies with greater variation in yard characteristics and identification of activity location are needed to better understand the importance of home outdoor spaces and guide sustainable city planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Oakley
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel L Peters
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Wake
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anneke C Grobler
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica A Kerr
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Lycett
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Raisa Cassim
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Melissa Russell
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Cong Sun
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mimi L K Tang
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Suzanne Mavoa
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Cheng C, Martin-Biggers J, Quick V, Spaccarotella K, Byrd-Bredbenner C. Validity and reliability of HOP-Up: a questionnaire to evaluate physical activity environments in homes with preschool-aged children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016; 13:91. [PMID: 27538484 PMCID: PMC4990867 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early identification of physical activity (PA) opportunities in the home and neighborhood environment may help obesity prevention efforts in households with young children. This cross-sectional study's purpose was to develop a brief, easy-to-use, self-report inventory called Home Opportunities for Physical activity check-Up (HOP-Up), to evaluate the availability and accessibility of PA space and equipment in and near homes with preschool children, and establish its validity and reliability. METHODS The HOP-Up was field tested by two trained researchers and parents of preschool-aged children (n = 50; 71% white). To establish criterion validity, researchers were the 'gold standard' and visited participants' homes to assess their PA environments using the HOP-Up, while participants separately completed their HOP-Up. Two weeks later, parents completed the HOP-Up online for test-retest reliability. After minor survey refinements, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis using a split-half cross validation procedure was conducted in a larger sample of participants (n = 655, 60% white) who completed the HOP-Up online to examine its factor structure. To establish convergent validity, correlations were conducted to compare HOP-Up scales from the factor solution generated with PA behavior and cognitions, and reported screen time. RESULTS Intra-class correlations (ICCs) examining HOP-Up item agreement between researcher and parents revealed slight to substantial agreement (range 0.22 to 0.81) for all items. ICCs for all HOP-Up items ranged from fair to substantial agreement between parent responses at both time points (range 0.42 to 0.95). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a five factor solution (18 items), supported eigen values, scree plots, review for contextual sense, and confirmatory factor analysis. Additionally, there were significant (p < 0.05) positive correlations among nearly all five HOP-Up scales with parent and child physical activity levels (range 0.08 to 0.35), and values parents placed on PA for self and child (range 0.16 to 0.35), and negative correlations of Neighborhood Space & Supports for PA scale with parent and child reported screen time (r = -0.11, r = -0.13, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Findings support the psychometric properties of this brief, easy-to-use, HOP-Up questionnaire, which may help parents, prevention researchers, residential planners, and practitioners increase their understanding of how the home environment-inside, outside, and the neighborhood- impacts preschool children's physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Cheng
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Jennifer Martin-Biggers
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Virginia Quick
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | | | - Carol Byrd-Bredbenner
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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Roche DV, Cardilini APA, Lees D, Maguire GS, Dann P, Sherman CDH, Weston MA. Human residential status and habitat quality affect the likelihood but not the success of lapwing breeding in an urban matrix. Sci Total Environ 2016; 556:189-195. [PMID: 26971220 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife living in the suburbs faces the challenge of dealing with human presence and yard management (including the occurrence of pets) which vary at the scale of the house block. This study examined the influence of ecological factors (e.g. extent of grass and food availability) and anthropogenic factors (e.g. human activity and garden usage) on breeding site choice and reproductive success of the ground-nesting masked lapwing Vanellus miles on Phillip Island, Australia. Lapwings nested less frequently in residential properties (high levels of human usage) compared with vacant blocks and holiday houses. They were also more likely to breed on properties with high food availability and larger areas of grass. None of these variables influenced clutch size or the probability of eggs hatching, although larger clutches and higher hatching rates tended to be associated with more food. This study shows that, for an urban exploiting species, habitat quality is not homogenous at the scale of the house block, and that human activity is avoided by a species generally considered highly tolerant of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan V Roche
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
| | - Adam P A Cardilini
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
| | - Daniel Lees
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
| | - Grainne S Maguire
- BirdLife Australia, Suite 2-05, The Green Building, 60 Leicester Street, Carlton, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Peter Dann
- Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, PO Box 97, Cowes, Phillip Island, Victoria 3922, Australia.
| | - Craig D H Sherman
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
| | - Michael A Weston
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
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