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Bae M, Kim S, Kang J. Development of Accelerated Test Method to Evaluate the Long-Term Thermal Performance of Fumed-Silica Vacuum Insulation Panels Using Accelerated Conditions. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6542. [PMID: 37834677 PMCID: PMC10574328 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
International standards for vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) include an accelerated test method and a minimum quality standard for evaluating their long-term thermal performance after 25 years. The accelerated test method consists of various tests according to the characteristics of the core material and requires six months (180 days) at minimum. Herein, we propose an accelerated method for determining the long-term thermal performance of fumed-silica VIPs by shortening the required time and simplifying the procedure. Highly accelerated conditions (80 °C and 70% Relative humidity (RH)) were set for the evaluation method, using the maximum temperature (80 °C) cited in international standards and compared with the accelerated test method under accelerated conditions (50 °C and 70% RH). The inner-pressure increase rate of the VIP samples after conditioning for approximately 70 days was similar to that after conditioning for 180 days under highly accelerated and accelerated conditions, respectively. In addition, the estimated long-term thermal conductivities of the fumed-silica VIP were derived as 0.0076 and 0.0054 W/m·K under highly accelerated and accelerated conditions, respectively. These accelerated methods can be used to produce fumed-silica VIPs with similar long-term thermal conductivities. Therefore, the accelerated test method for long-term thermal performance using the highly accelerated conditions can be evaluated using a test that involves conditioning the sample for approximately 70 days under 80 °C and 70% RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Bae
- Department of Building Energy Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang 10223, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Smart Convergence Architecture, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sunsook Kim
- Department of Smart Convergence Architecture, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jaesik Kang
- Department of Building Energy Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang 10223, Republic of Korea;
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Hu Y, Wang Z, Liu J, Yang W, Yang Q, Liu YC, You QY, Chen XJ, Wan JB. Chemical Stability of a Chinese Herbal Spirit Using LC-MS-Based Metabolomics and Accelerated Tests. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:857706. [PMID: 35330825 PMCID: PMC8940302 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.857706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a prevalent medicinal liquor among Chinese people, a type of Chinese herbal spirit from Jing Brand Co., Ltd (CHS-J) is a newly developed health beverage with the health functions of anti-fatigue and immune enhancement. The researchers from the enterprise found that the contents of several components in CHS-J samples have been significantly decreasing during the stated storage period, as detected by the HPLC-UV method, which would make a great challenge for quality control of CHS-J. Furthermore, the chemical stability of CHS-J during the storage period is greatly challenged affected, especially in the environment of high temperature and light exposure. To systematically reveal the unstable components and promote the quality control of CHS-J, the chemical stability of CHS-J during the shelving storage period was characterized by the UPLC/Q-TOFMS-based metabolomics approach. First, the targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches discovered the significantly changed components in CHS-J samples produced in different years. Furthermore, the accelerated tests of newly produced CHS samples and several authorized standards were conducted to validate the above results and elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying these chemical changes. Moreover, these chemical changes during the storage period had little influence on the anti-fatigue effect of CHS-J samples. These findings will offer new insight into the understanding of the chemical stability of CHS-J and will facilitate the quality control of CHS-J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayue Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Cai Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu-Yun You
- Pharmacy School, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Kim KC, Kim DH, Kim SC, Kim JH. Analysis of Thermal Characteristics and Insulation Resistance Based on the Installation Year and Accelerated Test by Electrical Socket Outlets. Saf Health Work 2020; 11:405-17. [PMID: 33329906 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electrical socket outlets are used continuously until a failure occurs because they have no indication of manufacturing date or exchange specifications. For this reason, 659 electrical fires related to electrical socket outlets broke out in the Republic of Korea at 2018 only, an increase year on year. To reduce electrical fires from electrical socket outlets, it is necessary to perform an accelerated test and analyze the thermal, insulation resistance, and material properties of electrical socket outlets by installation years. Methods Thermal characteristics were investigated by measured the temperature increase of electrical socket outlets classified according to year with variation of the current level. Insulation resistance characteristics was measured according to temperature for an electrical socket outlets by their years of use. Finally, to investigate the thermal and insulation resistance characteristics in relation to outlet aging, this study analyzed electrical socket outlets’ conductor surface and content, insulator weight, and thermal deformation temperature. Results Analysis showed, regarding the thermal characteristics, that electrical socket outlet temperature rose when the current value increased. Moreover, the longer the time that had elapsed since an accelerated test and installation, the higher the electrical socket outlet temperature was. With respect to the insulation resistance properties, the accelerated test (30 years) showed that insulation resistance decreased from 110 °C. In relation to the installation year (30 years), insulation resistance decreased from 70 °C, which is as much as 40 °C lower than the result found by the accelerated test. Regarding the material properties, the longer the elapsed time since installation, the rougher the surface of conductor contact point was, and cracks increased. Conclusion The 30-year-old electrical socket outlet exceeded the allowable temperature which is 65 °C of the electrical contacts at 10 A, and the insulation resistance began to decrease at 70 °C. It is necessary to manage electrical socket outlets that have been installed for a long time.
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Anand PK, Shin DR, Saxena N, Memon ML. Accelerated Reliability Growth Test for Magnetic Resonance Imaging System Using Time-of-Flight Three-Dimensional Pulse Sequence. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9040164. [PMID: 31717721 PMCID: PMC6963920 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system is a complex, high cost, and long-life product. It is a widely known fact that performing a system reliability test of a MRI system during the development phase is a challenging task. The major challenges include sample size, high test cost, and long test duration. This paper introduces a novel approach to perform a MRI system reliability test in a reasonably acceptable time with one sample size. Our approach is based on an accelerated reliability growth test, which consists of test cycle made of a very high-energy time-of-flight three-dimensional (TOF3D) pulse sequence representing an actual hospital usage scenario. First, we construct a nominal day usage scenario based on actual data collected from an MRI system used inside the hospital. Then, we calculate the life-time stress based on a usage scenario. Finally, we develop an accelerated reliability growth test cycle based on a TOF3D pulse sequence that exerts highest vibration energy on the gradient coil and MRI system. We use a vibration energy model to map the life-time stress and reduce the test duration from 537 to 55 days. We use a Crow AMSAA plot to demonstrate that system design reaches its useful life after crossing the infant mortality phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Anand
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Dong Ryeol Shin
- College of Software, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-103-015-7125
| | - Navrati Saxena
- College of Software, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Mudasar Latif Memon
- IBA Community College Naushahro Feroze, Sukkur IBA University, Sindh 65200, Pakistan;
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Park JM, Koh JH, Kim JM. Predicting Shelf-life of Ice Cream by Accelerated Conditions. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2018; 38:1216-1225. [PMID: 30675114 PMCID: PMC6335139 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2018.e55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Shelf-life is defined as the amount of time during which a food product retains
its desired sensory, chemical, and physical characteristics while remaining safe
for consumption. The food industry needs to rapidly obtain the necessary
information for determining the shelf life of its products. Here we studied the
approaches available for conducting accelerated shelf-life tests. Accelerated
shelf-life testing is applied to a variety of products to rapidly estimate
change in characteristics with time. The aim of this work was to use accelerated
shelf-life testing to study the changes in pH, microbiology, and sensory
characteristics of ice cream by the application of a kinetic approach and, based
on the observations, to estimate its shelf life. As per the current law, there
is no shelf life on ice cream. Our results suggest that the shelf life of an ice
cream sample was 24.27 months at –18℃, 2.29 months at
–6℃, 0.39 months at –1℃, and 0.15 months at
4℃. Results of this study suggest that a set expiration date on ice cream
might also contribute to effective management of ice cream characteristics in
the retail chilled chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Park
- Department of Food Marketing and Safety, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Koh
- Department of Bio-Food Analysis, Bio-Campus, Korea Polytechnic College, Asan 32940, Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Food Marketing and Safety, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Shi L, Young TL, Kim J, Sheng Y, Wang L, Chen Y, Feng Z, Keevers MJ, Hao X, Verlinden PJ, Green MA, Ho-Baillie AWY. Accelerated Lifetime Testing of Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells Encapsulated by Polyisobutylene. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:25073-25081. [PMID: 28700216 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have undergone rapid progress. However, unstable performance caused by sensitivity to environmental moisture and high temperature is a major impediment to commercialization of PSCs. In the present work, a low-temperature, glass-glass encapsulation technique using high performance polyisobutylene (PIB) as the moisture barrier is investigated on planar glass/FTO/TiO2/FAPbI3/PTAA/gold perovskite solar cells. PIB was applied as either an edge seal or blanket layer. Electrical connections to the encapsulated PSCs were provided by either the FTO or Au layers. Results of a "calcium test" demonstrated that a PIB edge-seal effectively prevents moisture ingress. A shelf life test was performed and the PIB-sealed PSC was stable for at least 200 days. Damp heat and thermal cycling tests, in compliance with IEC61215:2016, were used to evaluate different encapsulation methods. Current-voltage measurements were performed regularly under simulated AM1.5G sunlight to monitor changes in PCE. The best results we have achieved to date maintained the initial efficiency after 540 h of damp heat testing and 200 thermal cycles. To the best of the authors' knowledge, these are among the best damp heat and thermal cycle test results for perovskite solar cells published to date. Given the modest performance of the cells (8% averaged from forward and reverse scans) especially with the more challenging FAPbI3 perovskite material tested in this work, it is envisaged that better stability results can be further achieved when higher performance perovskite solar cells are encapsulated using the PIB packaging techniques developed in this work. We propose that heat rather than moisture was the main cause of our PSC degradation. Furthermore, we propose that preventing the escape of volatile decomposition products from the perovskite solar cell materials is the key for stability. PIB encapsulation is a very promising packaging solution for perovskite solar cells, given its demonstrated effectiveness, ease of application, low application temperature, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- The Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Trevor L Young
- The Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Jincheol Kim
- The Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Yun Sheng
- Trina Solar , No.2 Trina Road, Trina PV Industrial Park, Xinbei District, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213031, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Trina Solar , No.2 Trina Road, Trina PV Industrial Park, Xinbei District, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213031, China
| | - Yifeng Chen
- Trina Solar , No.2 Trina Road, Trina PV Industrial Park, Xinbei District, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213031, China
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Trina Solar , No.2 Trina Road, Trina PV Industrial Park, Xinbei District, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213031, China
| | - Mark J Keevers
- The Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaojing Hao
- The Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Pierre J Verlinden
- Trina Solar , No.2 Trina Road, Trina PV Industrial Park, Xinbei District, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213031, China
| | - Martin A Green
- The Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Anita W Y Ho-Baillie
- The Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney 2052, Australia
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Abstract
Oxidation is the most common event leading to the end of shelf life of microbiologically stable foods. Thus, a reliable shelf-life assessment is crucial to verify how long the product will last before it becomes oxidized to an unacceptable level to the consumers. Shelf-life assessment strategies of foods and beverages suffering oxidation are critically discussed focusing on definition of the acceptability limit, as well as the choice of the proper oxidative indicators, and methodologies for shelf-life testing. Testing methodologies for shelf-life determination under actual and accelerated storage conditions are considered, highlighting possible uncertainties, pitfalls, and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Calligaris
- a Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti , Università di Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Lara Manzocco
- a Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti , Università di Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Monica Anese
- a Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti , Università di Udine , Udine , Italy
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